《04猪的饲料营养价值评价.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《04猪的饲料营养价值评价.ppt（48页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Nutritional evaluation of pig feeds:development of a NE system,A L I M E N T A T I O N A G R I C U L T U R E E N V I R O N N E M E N T,Introduction,Cost of feed 70%of cost of pig meat productionEnergy is the main feed cost More and more ingredients are available+competition between animal species,wi
2、th biofuels,with humans,etc.Feed composition has an obvious impact on animals performance and economical resultsNutritional values:precise hierarchy Coherence of nutritional values and nutrient requirements of pigs,Digestible Energy(DE),Metabolizable Energy(ME),Gross Energy(GE),Fecal energy,Urinary
3、and gas energy,Net Energy(NE),Heat increment,DE,ME/DE,k,Energy utilization,Digestive utilization of energy in pigs,BW,kgDM intake,g/dEnergy digestibility,%38125082.649168083.061194083.672201584.280206084.890212085.335-95184583.6,Noblet et al.,2003,Effect of BW on DE(1)(4 diets),BW,kg45100150Mean(7 d
4、iets)83.285.586.3Starch rich diet90.691.692.0Fiber rich diet71.675.678.0,Noblet and Shi,1993,Effect of BW on DE(2),Effect of physiological stage on DE(n=77),StageGrowingAdultBW,kg61234DM intake,g/d18542104DE,%82.185.2,Le Goff and Noblet,2001,Body weight,kg 4080250T0,hr19.426.062.3MRT,hrs33.137.381.0
5、,Effect of body weight on transit of digesta in pigs,Le Goff et al.,2002,T0:first appearance of marker;MRT:mean retention time,Digestibility(%)ofNDF 68ADF44NCP70Cellulose44DF50,Digestibility of fiber in growing pigs(6 diets),Noblet and Bach-Knudsen,1997,NSP,NDF,Wheat strawWheat branSugarbeet pulpSoy
6、bean hulls,16466979,15406068,Digestive utilization of fiber in the growing pig,Chabeauti et al.,1991,Growing pig,Adult pig,Wheat branCorn branSugarbeet pulp,463689,548292,Digestive utilization of dietary fiber(NSP)in pigs,Noblet and Bach-knudsen,1997,+,Digestibility of energy in growing and adult pi
7、gs(n=77),-0.90,-0.64,Adult pig,Growing pig,Le Goff and Noblet,2001,Contribution of nutrients to energy supply in pigs(kJ/g)(77 diets),CPEESTNDFGross energy22.738.817.419.0DE growing pig22.531.717.23.2,Le Goff and Noblet,2001,GrowingAdult,%dEgWheat87.689.2+1.8Corn87.991.4+4.0Soybean meal85.290.4+6.2C
8、orn gluten feed65.676.4+16.5Wheat bran56.762.7+10.4Soybean hulls51.470.3+36.8,Digestibility of energy in growing and adult pigs,INRA&AFZ feeding tables,Effect of feed processing on DE,TechnologyMashPelletWheat-SBM diets(n=2)88.6*89.2Corn-SBM diets(n=3)88.4*90.3Corn(n=5)87*90Full-fat rapeseed35*83Lin
9、seed(extrusion)51*84,Technology affects DE;it has to be considered in energy evaluation of feeds for swine,INRA data,Effect of technology on DE value of wheat DDGS,INRA data,unpublished,Urinary and gas energy,In the growing pig:E urines,MJ/kg DM=0.19+0.031xN urines(g/kg DM)(N urines=50%digestible N)
10、E methane#0.4%of DE(related to fermented energy),In the adult pig:E methane#2-3 times higher than in growing pigs,Le Goff and Noblet,2001;Noblet et al.,2004,Urinary energy should be calculated;methane energy is estimated(or neglected in young pigs),Methodological aspects of DE and ME measurements,DE
11、 is affected by BW&ageTechnology AshGut healthEnzymesEtc.Methods:total collection,markers,in vitro,NIR,prediction equations,etc.ME can be estimated from DE values,Conditions should be standardized,Metabolic utilization of energy in pigs,Utilisation of energy,Retainedenergy,Metabolizableenergy,Compar
12、ative slaughter,Heatproduction,Calorimetry,O2,CO2,N2,O2,CO2,O2,CO2,N2,Heat production=f(O2,CO2,.),Indirect calorimetry,O2,CO2,0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,09:00,13:00,17:00,21:00,01:00,05:00,Heat,MJ/day,Time,hr,Activity,Maintenance(FHP;zero activity),Dynamics and components of heat production,Heat incre
13、ment,INRA data,Net energy=ME-Heat increment,NE measurements,Net energy=ME-(HP-FHP),Net energy=RE+FHP,kg=NE/ME,INRA Net Energy systemINRA,1990Animal model:45 kg boarsMethod:indirect calorimetryFHP=750 kJ/kg BW0.60n=61 dietsRegression methodsEvaluated in heavier and adult pigsValidated:calorimetry and
14、 growth trials,Noblet et al.,1993;1994,58908258,Crude proteinCrude fatStarchDietary fiber,Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients(kg,%),Comparable(relatively)in the growing pig and in the adult sow(at maintenance)No effect of BW/composition of BW gain on efficienciesValues confirmed in recent
15、 trials and with different methodologies,Energy value of nutrients according to energy systems,Noblet et al.,1994,*90%digestible,StarchCP*EE*DE100118202ME100103202,NE10071219,Heat,kJ/kJ NE0.200.400.10,CP,%Fat,%Heat production*Retained energy*,17.42.41.46a1.03a,Diet 1,Diet 2,13.92.41.41b1.08b,Diet 3,
16、14.96.01.34c1.15c,Noblet et al.,2001,Dietary crude protein and fat and energy utilization in growing pigs,*MJ/kg0.60;adjusted for the same ME intake(2.49 MJ ME/kg BW0.60)and the same physical activity,DietNormal CPLow CPEnergy values,%of NP dietDE100.098.4ME100.099.6NE100.0102.4,Noblet et al.,2003,D
17、ietary crude protein and energy value for growing pigs,In 25,50 and 85 kg pigs;4.7%difference in dietary CP content between normal and low CP diets,Estimation of NE content(MJ/kg DM),NE2=0.0121 DCP+0.0350 DEE+0.0143 Starch+0.0119 Sugars+0.0086 DRes(RSD=0.25)NE4=0.703 DE+0.0066 EE+0.0020 Starch-0.004
18、1 CP-0.0041 CF(RSD=0.18)NE7=0.730 ME+0.0055 EE+0.0015 Starch-0.0026 CP-0.0041 CF(RSD=0.17),Noblet et al.,1994,Equations-can be used at all stages of pig production-applicable to compound feeds and ingredients-have been validated,Validation of NE equations(n=41),INRA data,Y=1.00 X,9,11,13,15,9,10,11,
19、12,13,14,15,NE calculated,NE measured,Y=X,Methodological aspects of NE measurements,NE is related to FHP values and amount and composition of energy gain genotype,BW,sex,feeding level,diet balance(AAs),environment conditions,behavior,etc.have to be standardized for measuring NE valuesNE values measu
20、red or calculated under different conditions are not comparableValidation of a NE system is necessary,Energy values ofpig feeds,INRA&AFZ feeding tables,Languages:French,English,Spanish,Chinese,More info at:http:/www.zootechnie.fr/tables/index.htm,DE,ME and NE for growing pigs(+piglets)DE,ME and NE f
21、or adult pigs(pregnant and lactating sows),Six energy values per ingredient,Available at:;13 languages,Comparison of energy systems,DE,Ingredients,*As%of the energy value of a compound feed(wheat:67%,soybean meal:16%,fat:2.5%,wheat bran:5%,peas:5%,),FatCornWheatPeaSoybean(full fat)Wheat branSoybean
22、mealAA mixture,24310310110111668107148,ME,25210510210011367102142,+=-=-=,Comparison of energy systems*,INRA&AFZ feeding tables,NE,NE/ME,9080787372716075,Consequences on results of least-cost formulation,6,8,10,12,14,16,Measured NE,MJ/kg DM,6,8,10,12,14,16,NEnl,MJ/kg DM,Starch,x=10.50,y=10.12,CF,Nobl
23、et et al.,2004,Comparison of NE systems(n=61 diets;MJ/kg DM),CP,%Amino acidsEnergy intakes,MJ/d*DEMENE,19.014.6+,Le Bellego et al.,2002,Performance of growing pigs accordingto energy evaluation system(1),*Energy intakes 30-100 kg and adjusted for the same BW gain(1080 g/day)and the same body composi
24、tion at slaughter,38.9a 37.3b37.1a 36.1b,27.6=27.5,GrowingFinishingCP,%NormalLowNormalLow Amino acids+Energy,MJ/BW gainDE31.1*30.244.3*43.3ME29.9*29.242.7*42.0NE22.222.032.132.1,Performance of growing pigs accordingto energy evaluation system(2),INRA data,unpublished,Performance of growing pigs acco
25、rdingto energy evaluation system(3),Fat addition,%0246,De la Llata et al.,2001,Feed:gain*MJ ME/kg1001009998,MJ NE/kg100100100100,*Adjusted for the same feeding level,Performance of growing pigs accordingto energy evaluation system(4),Fat addition,%01.753.505.25Stat,Wu et al.,2007,Feed:gain MJ DE/kg1
26、00.099.298.598.4*MJ ME/kg100.099.298.698.6*,MJ NE/kg100.099.799.699.6NS,Energy requirements,NE requirements,Most energy requirements have been established on DE or ME bases with cereals based diets(kg#75%)No interaction between stage of growth or feeding level and diet composition on kg The same equ
27、ations can be used at all stagesNE requirements(/day,/kg diet,)can be expressed as NE for growth at all stages,NE=0.75 x ME or 0.72 x DE,Energy value(DE mainly)is dependent on methods/conditions used for its determinationAt least two energy values should be used for pig feeds:piglet+growing+finishin
28、g vs adult pigHierarchy between feeds and least cost formulation results depend on energy systemThe importance of a reliable energy system is emphasized when more non conventional ingredients(co-products,etc.)are available,Conclusions(1),NE system is better for a satisfactory estimate of true energy value of feeds and pigs performanceEnergy value of feeds for pigs is highly dependent on digestibility Improvement of knowledgeEffects of technology,enzymes,.?An accurate protein evaluation system is also necessary:standardized ileal digestible amino acids,Conclusions(2),Thanks,
