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1、 长 春 工 业 大 学 毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译学 院：信息传播工程专 业：教育技术学 班 级：091401姓 名：张 明 蕾指导教师：王 立 君 2013年5月31日译 文英文出处：: http:/www.guardian.co.uk/help/insideguardian/2009/sep/28/blogpost英文原文What is front-end development?In our visually and tecnhologically sophisticated society, access to information and knowledge seems eas
2、ier than making sense of it or decide its veracity - on the web, pages and appplications are built by front-end developers to present and put data or relationships in context.Front-end or client-side development is a relatively obscure Internet discipline. Historically, this role has been known unde
3、r several aliases, htmler, web designer, coder, frontender and so on, but its core functions remain the same while expanding with the progress of the Internet. It is a hinge role that requires both aesthetic sensitivity and programmatic rigor.To many people, client-side development might be perceive
4、d as making things pretty and, while it is a valid comment since we do make things look good, as good-looking things sell better, there are many other technologies that fall within this field that might be usually overlooked.Heres an overview of some of them.Markup(X)HTML, the structure of the page
5、is the foundation of websites, essential for search engine optimization, vital to place the document with the right hooks for the classes and the ids that will provide the style and the interaction that the reader will ultimately use.Although this might seem trivial, many bugs often result from a po
6、or semantic structure or trying to hack some markup to do something it wasnt written to do. Interestingly, markup language was created for documents, CERN and Apple feature in its story and therefore the page metaphor for the representation of a website, so when you see it being used as scaffold for
7、, say, an online shop or a betting application, it could be argued that all html pages are hacked, which might explain the usual confusion when people have to decide, for instance, how to set up hierarchy of headings.Look up for: theprogressive implementation of HTML5features across platforms.StyleC
8、ss, cascading style sheets, a core functionality of front-end development, the styles that lay out the page and give it both its unique visual flair and a clear, user-friendly view to allow readers, who never linger on pages we would like to think they do, some help to read or skim the contents quic
9、kly.Design means both how something looks and how something is structured, and in a good design, both come together.An important aspect of styling is checking across several browsers and to write concise, terse code that is specific yet generic at the same time and displays well in as many renderers
10、 as possible, which leads me to the next point.Look out for: theprogressive implementation of CSS3across browsers and platforms and object-oriented CSS (OOCSS).Cross-browser, cross-platform, cross-device functionalityThe browser on your computer is to remain the most advanced and feature-rich client
11、 application to access the web for a long time, but that doesnt mean that snacking with mobile browsing, or netbooks, etc, isnt a rapidly growing in presence and importance.Since the browser wars between Netscape and Internet Explorer on PCs, much has happened. Nowadays, browsers compete with each o
12、ther for page-rendering speed, plug-ins and add-ons to achieve both a lean and comprehensive browser experience. As applications move to the cloud, gmail being a popular example, the browser becomes the OS, which puts further emphasis on coding, styling and programming for as many clients as possibl
13、e. As Douglas CrockfordsaidBrowsers are the most hostile software development environment imaginable.Look out for:Chrome 3,Firefox 3.5, an escalating features race and page performance optimisation.AccessibilityCommonly accepted to be exclusively for people with disabilities, It could be argued that
14、 whether visual, auditory, motor-related or just cognitive, we all have a disability of one type or another, ask around and youll find the full body-abled human to be more of an ideal than a reality.Ultimately, accessibility is to provide your content and your pages with as many points of access as
15、possible, since, buzzword alert, ubiquitous computing could be just round the corner. For example, you might build your site to be used without a mouse or a standard keyboard for people with motor-related disabilities, but couldnt the same be said about those who access a site with their iPhone?I pe
16、rsonally look forward to the day when we can interact with a site by talking to it, by touch, or even the day when I can have a Guardian article translated to another language on the fly and maybe read out loud in human natural language (no machine translation aka climbing trees trying to reach the
17、moon).Look out for:ARIATemplates and CMS, web frameworksThe technical flesh and bones of dynamically generated websites as part of an MVC or an MVT or some other software architecture. Whether its a php backend with Drupal or Magento or Python and Django, front-end developers build and maintain this
18、 files and their objects and methods, variables, loops, boolean and conditional statements.A surprisingly little-discussed area of front-end development, the flexibility and maintenance of these make a site what it is and what it will become as more powerful functionality is added to it. Look out fo
19、r:Django.ProgrammingAlthough by this I mean mostly Javascript, this could apply to ActionScript, PHP or any other popular web languages developped for the front-end. Javascript has fully grown up from inline commands embedded in html to full-blown asynchronous applications executed on the fly on the
20、 browser as unobtrusive rich functionality.The widespread usage of js libraries such as jQuery or MooTools has produced a plethora, some would even say an excess, of visual effects that turn web pages into a more three-dimensional immersive experience. A notoriously untyped language with a bad reput
21、ation that baffles programmers and scares scripters, javascript was developed specifically for the Web and, like it or not, it is here to stay.Look out for:cloud programmingandrich Internet applications.UsabilityInformation architecture has blossomed in the past few years but as the people who build
22、 the site interact with the clients, the graphic designers, the backend developers and product managers, front-end last-stop position should mean flagging up details, suggesting improvements as well as taking part in usability testing.Depending on the size of the team and allocated budget, sometimes
23、 a front-end developer is both designer, QA of the backend bugs, usability and accessibility tester and ia, which isnt an enviable position. A front-end developer probably looks at more websites and evaluates how they look and work more than other team members as a translator is more naturally inter
24、ested in words and grammar than other people.Look out for:Guerrilla usability testing.PerformanceTo build even faster sites, your markup, styles and javascript should be both scalable and nimble. A growing discipline, with the foreseeable rising costs of energy in the years to come and the problems
25、caused by scaling performance in rich content sites with customised content (the web 2.0 meme), it is in the best interest for companies to reduce their page size footprint as much as possible to avoid rising bandwidth costs.At the same time, the shift from desktop to online rich applications means
26、that a heavier load on the browser should be alleviated with page reductions elsewhere and constant monitoring of new features.Look out for:javascript enginesbuilt into the browsers.ResearchThis is a list of things that have gone mainstream in the past two and half years: APIs, js libraries, touch a
27、nd gestural computer interfaces, microblogging, social networking, video content. Keeping up to date with the latest trends in design, code and innovation on the web is a primary task of front-end development, as no other discipline related to the Internet (except perhaps marketing) changes so rapid
28、ly.AsMolly Holzschlagfrom Opera says If you want to be doing the same things for the next 10 years, youre in the wrong job. Internet companies should understand and react to this in their front-end strategy, in order not to remain behind. Look out for:widespread touch interfaces,IPV6with 128-bit ip
29、addressing, sophisticated data visualisation models with javascriptcanvasandprocessing,ribbon visual effects, video game-inspired interfaces, niche social networks,day-glo colour schemes,better interface designs, volumetric displays.However, the future is not neutral and neither are technologies, is
30、sues of privacy and publicity are bound to influence what is and isnt adopted.I hope this post has shed some light on what front end development consists of as well as how it fits into the cycle of website development. Maybe next time instead of asking make this look pretty, the question will be how
31、 can we style this with a correct, progressively enhanced, semantic layer of HTML5 in cross-browser compatible CSS3 to WAI standards as a drupal module or a Velocity component with a jQuery accordion effect since it fits our user personas usability testing and so that it will pass both whySoSlow and
32、 PageSpeed tests and, well, its new and fresh and it looks good.In conclusionThucydides wrote Knowledge without understanding is useless. Since its inception, the web has been primarily about information but this data-driven trend can just drown people with a flood of disconnected, random info facto
33、ids that few can grasp and even fewer be interested in.The goal of a front end developer is to create clear, easy, fast pages and interfaces that will make people understand and care about the information, by putting it in context, expose its legitimacy or lack thereof, and reveal their implicit or
34、explicit interconnection.Front-end is not just a pretty face, its the friendly, forward-looking interface of web development.中文翻译 前端开发是什么？在如今我们这个视觉多变和科技复杂的尖端社会，在网络上获取信息和知识，可以在了解信息内容以及确定其精确性方面更容易，网页和应用程序的建立是由前端开发人员提出的，并将其上下文用数据联系起来而形成的。前端或客户端的开发是一个相对模糊的概念。从历史上看，这个角色已经被先后定义为以下几个不同的别名，htmler，网页设计师，程序员，
35、frontender等，虽然互联网在进步和扩大，但其核心职能保持不变。前端开发仍旧处于一个枢纽的地位，既需要审美的灵敏度,也需要面对方案的纲领性和获取需求时的严谨性。对很多人来说，前端的开发可能会被认为是“把东西做得好看”就可以了，但这个定义仅仅是一个有效的注释，因为外貌越好看东西就会越好卖，还有很多其他的技术也属于这一领域，但通常会被忽略。下面就来介绍其中的一些相关技术。标记（X）HTML的页面结构是网站的基础，其中，搜索引擎优化是必不可少的环节，另外它允许把文件和正确的hooks放在classe 和id中为读者所提供风格与互动，使读者最终能够使用到文档最重要的地方。虽然这可能看起来是微不足
36、道的，可许多缺陷往往会导致前端语言失去良好的语义性以及当蜘蛛爬虫通过时的产生的可读性。有趣的是，由于CERN和苹果各自的特点，因此这个时代，网页便比喻成了网络的代表，所以当你看到它被用作支架时，会说它是网上商店或一个投注的应用程序，这可以说，所有的HTML页面都会被黑客盗用，这或许可以解释，但人们的决定通常是混乱的，例如，如何设置标题的层次结构。查一查：逐步实现跨平台的HTML5功能。风格CSS，层叠样式表，是前端开发的核心功能，它奠定了页面的样式都具其独特的视觉风格和明确的表达形式，使交互性友好。用户友好的视图会让读者停留在页面中，我们认为他们这样做，有助于读者阅读或很快浏览的内容。设计意味
37、着一个事物的外观和结构在一个好的设计里完美的结合在一起。在多个浏览器进行构造是检查代码和编写简洁的代码的一个重要方面，简洁的代码是特定的，通用在同一时间，并尽可能多的显示和渲染，以达到下一个目的。注意：在浏览器和平台CSS3的逐步发展，CSS3已逐步实现了跨平台性和面向对象等特征。跨浏览器，跨平台，跨设备的功能如果在您计算机上的浏览器是保持最先进的，那么功能丰富的客户端应用程序会访问网络很长一段时间，但是，这并不意味着边吃零食边用手机、上网本等设备就可以访问网页，这是硬件设备迅速生长的存在性和重要性。在个人电脑上的浏览器（例如Netscape和Internet Explorer）之间产生战争以
38、来，发生了很多事情。如今，浏览器相互竞争各自的页面渲染速度、插件和附加组件，都是为了实现一个精干和全面的浏览器体验。当应用程序迁移到云时，Gmail便成为了一个通俗的例子，浏览器将成为OS，这将进一步强调为尽可能多的客户进行造型和编程。正如道格拉斯克罗克福德说：“浏览器是可以想到的最恶劣的软件开发环境。注意：Chrome浏览器，Firefox 3.5的不断升级的种族和页面性能优化特征。无障碍（可访问性）专为残疾人士普遍接受的是，它可以说，无论是视觉、听觉、电机相关的或仅仅是认知的内容，我们其实都是身有残疾的一种或另一种，到处打听，你会发现其实禁止人类的是理想与现实。最终，无障碍环境将提供尽可能
39、多的接入点来为人们提供内容和网页，这样一来，流行语警报，普及计算便只是网页制作过程中的冰山一角。例如，你可以为肢体残疾的人建立不使用鼠标或标准键盘的网站，但不能对那些用Iphone访问网站使用同样的方式。我本人期待着有一天，我们可以与网站进行交互时说话，通过触摸屏，甚至有一天我能有一个把文章翻译成另一种语言在空中飞行或大声读出人的自然语言（没有机器翻译好像爬树试图到达月球）的网页功能。看：ARIA。模板和CMS，Web框架技术动态生成网站的肉和骨头的MVC或一个MVT或一些其他软件架构的一部分。无论是一个PHP与Drupal和Magento的或Python和Django的后端，前端开发人员建立
40、和维护这个文件和它们的对象和方法，变量，循环，布尔和条件语句。令人惊讶的是对前端开发领域的小讨论是有关网络的灵活性和如何维护它的内容，还有它是什么，怎么才能成为使他有更强大的功能。注意：Django。编程提到编程，虽然我的意思主要是JavaScript中，这可以适用于ActionScript中，PHP或任何其他流行的网络语言大发展的前端。 JavaScript已经完全成长起来，成熟的异步在不显眼的丰富功能中，成为在浏览器上执行的应用程序，同时成为嵌入在HTML中的内嵌命令。弱语言的广泛使用，例如jQuery或MooTools产生了大量的js库，有些人甚至说很多是多余的，但他们终究会为用户实现一
41、个更立体的、身临其境的体验以及打开网页的视觉效果。js有过一个不好的名声，即js是百思不得其解的程序员用恐慌的脚本，编写有名的非类型化的语言，JavaScript是专门为Web设计的语言，喜欢还是不喜欢，它仍旧会在在这里留下来。注意：云编程和丰富的互联网应用。可用性在过去几年互联网的蓬勃发展中，随着人们建立网站客户端的不同需求，图形设计师、后端开发人员和产品经理、前端工程师几个角色中，前端工程师处于中间位置，并需要时刻站好最后一班岗，提出改进建议并参与可用性测试。根据团队规模和分配预算，有时一个前端开发人员同时负责多项任务，如QA的后端错误、可用性和可访问性测试仪及IA，这无疑是一个令人羡慕的
42、设计师的工作。一个前端开发人员可能会在更多的网站，评估它们的外观，还要比其他人对单词和语法更有兴趣。性能要建立更快的网站，您的标记、样式和javascript都应该是可扩展的，灵活的。越来越多的学科证实，考虑可预见的上升的能源成本，在未来几年，内容丰富的网站与定制内容的扩展性能造成的问题（Web 2.0），将作为公司最佳利益所要考虑的出发点，以减少他们的页面大小，尽可能地避免带宽成本上升。同时，从桌面转移到网络上丰富的应用，意味着更重的负荷浏览器应减少加载页并增加持续监控的新功能。注意：内置到浏览器中的JavaScript引擎。研究列表，在过去两年半的时间里已经成为主流的东西：应用程序接口（A
43、PIs），JS库，触摸和手势计算机接口，微博，社交网络，视频内容。不断更新的设计、代码以及在网络上的创新是前端开发的首要任务，前端知识更新速度也比与互联网相关的其他学科（也许除了市场营销）变化快很多。Opera的莫莉说：“在接下来的10年里如果你还是想要做同样的事情，那么你在错误的工作”。为了不落后，互联网企业应该拥有很强的理解和反应能力，这是他们的前端战略。例如，当下查找出广泛的触摸界面，IPV6用128位的IP地址，复杂数据可视化模型的JavaScript分布和处理，带状的视觉效果，视频游戏风格的界面，利基社交网络，田继奥的配色方案，更好的界面设计，体积显示等等。但是，互联网未来的发展不是
44、中立的，也不是技术、隐私和宣传的问题，这势必影响着什么，很可能是好的应用没有被采用。我希望这篇文章能够帮助你了解一些有关于前端开发包括什么，以及它如何才能适合网站发展的内容。也许下一次，你不会再单单的说“这看起来很漂亮”，而是应该说“我们应该如何用正确的方式逐步提高语义层跨浏览器兼容，并以CSS3、HTML5的标准作为一个jQuery手风琴效果的速度分量，因为它符合我们的用户角色和可用性测试，所以，它将通过网页兼容性和网页速度的检验，嗯，它是新鲜的，它看起来很好”。在结论修昔底德写道：“知识不了解是无用的”。公司自成立以来，主要是关于信息网络，但这种数据驱动的趋势，是间断的，随机改编过的信息，很少有人能掌握，甚至更少感兴趣。前端开发者的目标是创建清晰，简单，快速的网页和接口，这将使人们的理解和关心的信息方向更明确，把它放在上下文中，测试其合理性与否，并揭示其显式或隐式的互连。前端不只是一个漂亮的脸蛋，更是友好的、前瞻性的Web开发接口。 指导教师签字： 年 月 日 评阅教师签字： 年 月 日
