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1、Adeline Olaniran,SICKLE CELL ANEMIA,What is Sickle Cell Anemia?,A serious condition in which red blood cells can become sickle-shapedNormal red blood cells are smooth and round.They move easily through blood vessels to carry oxygen to all parts of the body.Sickle-shaped cells dont move easily throug
2、h blood.Theyre stiff and sticky and tend to form clumps and get stuck in blood vessels.The clumps of sickle cell block blood flow in the blood vessels that lead to the limbs and organs.Blocked blood vessel can cause pain,serious infection,and organ damage.,Normal and Sickled Red Blood Cells in Blood
3、 Vessels,Figure A shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel.The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin.,Figure B shows abnormal,sickled red blood cells clumping and blocking the blood flow in a blood vessel.The inset image shows a cros
4、s-section of a sickled red blood cell with abnormal strands of hemoglobin.,Source from http:/www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_WhatIs.html,Sickle Cell Anemia vs.Sickle Cell Trait,People who have sickle cell anemia are born with it;means inherited,lifelong condition.They inherit two copie
5、s of sickle cell gene,one from each parent.Sickle cell trait is different from sickle cell anemia.People with sickle cell trait dont have the condition,but they have one of the genes that cause the condition.People with sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait can pass the gene on when they have chi
6、ldren.,Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia,If one parent has sickle cell trait(HbAS)and the other does not carry the sickle hemoglobin at all(HbAA)then none of the children will have sickle cell anemia.There is a one in two(50%)chance that any given child will get one copy of the HbAS gene and therefo
7、re have the sickle cell trait.It is equally likely that any given child will get two HbAA genes and be completely unaffected.,Source from http:/www.sicklecellsociety.org/education/inherit.htm#anchor298279,Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia,If both parents have sickle cell trait(HbAS)there is a one in
8、 four(25%)chance that any given child could be born with sickle cell anemia.There is also a one in four chance that any given child could be completely unaffected.There is a one in two(50%)chance that any given child will get the sickle cell trait.,Source from http:/www.sicklecellsociety.org/educati
9、on/inherit.htm#anchor298279,Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia,If one parent has sickle cell trait(HbAS)and the other has sickle cell anaemia(HbSS)there is a one in two(50%)chance that any given child will get sickle cell trait and a one in two(50%)chance that any given child will get sickle cell ane
10、mia.No children will be completely unaffected.,Source from http:/www.sicklecellsociety.org/education/inherit.htm#anchor298279,Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia,If one parent has sickle cell anaemia(HbSS)and the other is completely unaffected(HbAA)then all the children will have sickle cell trait.Non
11、e will have sickle cell anemia.The parent who has sickle cell anemia(HbSS)can only pass the sickle hemoglobin gene to each of their children.,Source from http:/www.sicklecellsociety.org/education/inherit.htm#anchor298279,Why Anemia?,Anemia is a condition in which a persons blood has a lower than nor
12、mal number of red blood cells,or the red blood cells dont have enough hemoglobin.Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color and carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.Normal red blood cells last about 120 days in the bloodstream and then die.Their main role is t
13、o carry oxygen,but they also remove carbon dioxide(a waste product)from cells and carry it to the lungs to be exhaled.In sickle cell anemia,a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells occurs because sickle cells dont last very long.Sickle cells die faster than normal red blood cells,usually after
14、only about 10 to 20 days.The bone marrow cant make new red blood cells fast enough to replace the dying ones.The result is anemia.,Who Is At Risk?,The disease originated in at least 4 places in Africa,Mediterranean countries(such as Turkey,Greece,and Italy),and in the Indian/Saudi Arabian subcontine
15、nt.It exists in all countries of Africa and in areas where Africans have migrated.It is most common in West and Central Africa where as many as 25%of the people have sickle cell trait and 1-2%of all babies are born with a form of the disease.In the United States with an estimated population of over
16、270 million,about 1,000 babies are born with sickle cell disease each year.In contrast,Nigeria,with an estimated 1997 population of 90 million,45,000-90,000 babies with sickle cell disease are born each year.,Who Is At Risk?,Most common in people whose families come from Africa,South or Central Amer
17、ica(especially Panama),Caribbean islands,Mediterranean countries(such as Turkey,Greece,and Italy),India,and Saudi Arabia.,Who is at Risk?,United States,sickle cell anemia affects about 70,000 people.Mainly affects African Americans,with the condition occurring in about 1 in every 500 African America
18、n births.Hispanic Americans also are affected;the condition occurs in 1 out of every 1,000 to 1,400 Hispanic American births.About 2 million Americans have sickle cell trait.About 1 in 12 African Americans has sickle cell trait.,Signs and Symptoms,Individual signs and symptoms varies.Some have mild
19、symptoms,others have very severe symptoms and may be hospitalized for treatmentPresent at birth,many infants doesnt show signs until after 4 months of ageAnemia:Fatigue(tiredness),pale skin and nail beds,jaundice,and shortness of breathPain(Sickle Cell Crisis):Sudden episode of pain throughout the b
20、ody.Common sites:bones,lungs,abdomen,and joints.Lack of blood flow can cause pain and organ damage.,Complication of Sickle Cell Anemia,Hand-Food SyndromeSplenic CrisisInfectionsAcute Chest SyndromeDelayed growth and puberty in childrenStrokeEye problem,PriapismGallstoneUlcers on the legsPulmonary Ar
21、terial Hypertension(High blood pressure)Multiple Organ Failure,Diagnosis,Early diagnosis is very important for proper treatmentUSA:44 States,District of Columbia,Puerto Rico&U.S.Virgin Islands now test ALL newborn for sickle cell anemia.Other 6 States test done best on request,Treatments,Effective t
22、reatments are available to help relieve the symptoms and complications of sickle cell anemia,but in most cases theres no cure.The goal is to relieve the pain;prevent infections,eye damage,strokes and control complications if they occur.Pain medicine:acetaminophen,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
23、(NSAIDs),and narcotics such as meperidine,morphine,oxycodone,and etc.Heating padsHydroxyurea,Folic AcidBlood Transfusions,New Treatments and Medicines,Bone marrow transplantsGene therapyNew medicineButyric acid.This is a food additive that may increase normal hemoglobin in the blood.Clotrimazole.Thi
24、s is used now to treat fungus infections.This medicine helps prevent the loss of water from a red blood cell and can keep the cell from turning into a sickle cell.Nitric oxide.This may make sickle cells less sticky and keep blood vessels open.People with sickle cell anemia have low levels of nitric
25、acid in their blood.,Prevention,Identify what can trigger the“Crisis”such as stress,avoid extremes of heat and cold weather,dont travel airplane that is not cabin pressurizedMaintain healthy lifestyle habitsEating healthyAvoid dehydrationExercise regularlyGet enough sleep and restAvoid alcohol and dont smokeRegular medical checkups and treatment are important,http:/www.stoppain.org/multimedia/sickle.htmlhttp:/,
