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1、连 词conjunctions,连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词(coordinating conjunctions)从属连词(subordinating conjunctions),一、概说 连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子，在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and,but,or,for等；从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等)，引出名词性从句
2、的连词如that,whether等，引出状语从句的连词如when,because,since,if 等。,连词定义,连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词，叫连词。例如：It is neither too cold nor too hot in spring.（neithernor连接两个词）You can read either in the morning or in the afternoon.（eitheror连接两个短语）Hu Lan was late yesterday because she woke up too late.（because连接两个句子）,并列连词列表用来连接有
3、并列关系的词、短语或分句的连词是并列连词；并列连词连接分句构成并列句。,连 词,并列连词列表andbutnorsoyethowever hence then fororneverthelessnevertheless aswellas notonly.butalso both.and neither.nor either.or consequently 表示转折意思-表示因果关系-表示并列关系,1 并列连词与并列结构判断改错：They sat down and talk about something.FThey started to dance and sang.F I saw two me
4、n sitting behind and whisper there.FShe plays not only the piano,but the guitar.TNeither you nor he are to blame.FMake up your mind,or youll get the chance.FThere is no air and water in the moon FSome people love cats,when others hate them.FThey were not the bones of an animal,and(the bones)of a hum
5、an being.F,并列连词的用法,1.表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but,yet 等。如Someone borrowed my pen,but I dont remember who.有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。He said he was our friend,yet he wouldnt help us.他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。,2.表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for,so 等。如The child had a bad cough,so his mother took him to the doctor.这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看
6、医生。You are supposed to get rid of carelessness,for it often leads to serious errors.你们一定要克服粗枝大叶，因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。,3.表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and,or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut(also),bothand,as well as 等。如：He didnt go and she didnt go either.他没去，她也没去。The weather is mild today;
7、it is neither hot nor cold.今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。Both New York and London have traffic problems.纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。It is important for you as well as for me.这对你和对我都很重要。People who are either under age or over age may not join the army.年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。,并列词与词、短语与短语的连词and,or,both.and,either.or,not only.but also,neith
8、er.nor。,I can _ swim _ skate.Im going to have some training next year.A.either,orB.neither,norC.both,andD.not only,but also 解题技巧 以此立意考查能否正确使用并列连词and,or,both.and,either.or,not only.but also,neither.nor等。其中后三组连词并列主语时，谓语动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。本题题意是对swim和skate两种动作的否定，对两者否定用neithernor，选B。,B,2.并列分句的连词so,for,but,an
9、d,or,not only.but also,一Be careful,_you will make mistakes in your exams.I know that,Mum.One can never be too careful.A.and B.or C.nor D.but 解题技巧 以此立意考查能否正确使用并列连词so,for,but,and,or,not only.but also，其中not only.but also并列分句时，第一个分句要倒装。so因此；for因为；but但是；and你就会；or否则的话；not onlybut also不仅而且。本题的前后分句之间是否定条件关系
10、“否则的话”，用连词or，选B。,B,从属连词,从属连词。引导从句的连词叫做从属连词，分连接代词和连接副词两种。,从属连词列表,从属连词的用法,1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词(1)表示“当时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when,while,as,whenever。如：Dont talk while youre eating.吃饭时不要说话。Vegetables are best when they are fresh.蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。He came just as I was leaving.我正要走时他来了。,(2)表示“在之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before,after
11、。如：Try to finish your work before you leave.离开前设法把工作做完。After we have finished tea,we will sit on the grass.喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。,(3)表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since,until,till。如：Shes been playing tennis since she was eight.她从八岁起就打网球了。Hold on until I fetch help.坚持一下，等我找人来帮忙。Never trouble trouble till trouble trou
12、bles you.(谚)不要无事惹事。,(4)表示“一就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as,the moment,the minute,the second,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no soonerthan,hardlywhen等。如：Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her.我一接她的信就通知你。The moment I have finished Ill give you a call.我一干完就给你打电话。I came immediately I heard t
13、he news.我一听到这个消息，马上就来了。Once you begin you must continue.你一旦开始,便不可停下来。,(5)表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the)next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the)last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：Ill tell him about it(the)next time I see him.我下一次见到他时，我就把这个情况告诉他。We lose a few skin cells every t
14、ime we wash our hands.每当我们洗手的时候，我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。You can call me any time you want to.你随时都可以给我打电话。注意：every time,each time,any time前不用冠词，(the)next time,(the)last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。,2.引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if,unless,as so long as,in case 等。如：Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧?Do
15、nt come unless I telephone.除非我打电话，否则你别来。As long as youre happy，it doesnt matter what you do.只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。In case it rains they will stay at home.万一下雨，他们就呆在家里。,注意：在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如：If you will sit down for a few moments,I
16、ll tell the manager youre here.请稍坐,我这就通知经理说您来了。,3.引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that,so that,in case,for fear等。如：He raised his voice so that everyone could hear.他提高了嗓音，以便每个人都能听见。Take your umbrella(just)in case it rains.带上雨伞，以防下雨。She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand.她
17、把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。,4.引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that,sothat,suchthat等。如：I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat.我去听演讲去得很早,所以找个好座位。I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over.我摔了许多跤，以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。at sixes and sevensHe shut the window with such force that the glass broke.他关窗子用力很大,
18、结果玻璃震破了。,5.引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because,as,since,seeing(that),now(that),considering(that)等。如He distrusted me because I was new.他不信任我，因为我是新来的。As you are sorry，Ill forgive you.既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。Since weve no money,we cant buy it.由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。Seeing that hes ill hes unlikely to come.因为他病了，他大概不会来了。Now that sh
19、e has apologized,I am content.既然她已经道了歉,我也就满意了。satisfied,6.引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although,though,even though,even if,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等。如：Although they are twins,they look entirely different.他们虽是孪生,但是相貌却完全不同。I like her even though she can be annoying.尽管她有时很恼人,但我还是喜欢她。You wo
20、nt move that stone,however strong you are.不管你力气多大,也休想搬动那块石头。Whatever we have achieved,we owe to your support.我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。I-O-UWhoever you are,you cant pass this way.不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过。Whenever I see him I speak to him.每当我见到他，我都和他讲话。,7.引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as,as if,as though,the way等。如：Why didnt you
21、 catch the last bus as I told you to?你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢?He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber.他将铁棍折弯，仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。Nobody else loves you the way(=as)I do.没有人像我这样爱你,8.引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等。如：The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple.这座教堂
22、盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。Ill take you anywhere you like.你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。Everywhere I go，I find the same thing.不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。,9.引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和asas。如：She was now happier than she had ever been.现在她比过去任何时候都快活。I glanced at my watch.It was earlier than I thought.我看了看表，时间比我想像的早。He doesnt work as hard as she do
23、es.他工作不像她那样努力。,10.引起名词从句的从属连词。主要有that,whether,if 等，它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅没不充当句子成分，而且没有词义，在句子中只起连接作用；而 if,whether 虽不充当句子成分，但有词义，即表示“是否”。如：He replied that he was going by train.他回答说他将坐火车去。I wonder if its large enough.我不知道它是否够大。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我为是否伤了她的感情而担心。,3连接宾
24、语从句的连词。,What did you say to your mother just now?I asked her _ she cooked for dinner.A.thatB.ifC.howD.what 解题技巧 以此立意的试题考查考生能否正确使用连接宾语从句的一组连词that,if/whether,what等。连接宾语从句有四类连词:that(事实);if/whether(不确定是否);特殊疑问(when,where,what等);how/what感叹含义的从句。要根据语境来决定选用哪类连词。本句的宾语从句是一个表达疑问的信息“是否做饭？”，选B。,B,连接时间状语从句的连词。,H
25、urry up.The bus is coming.Oh,no.We mustnt cross the street_ the traffic lights are green.A.after B.since C.while D.until解题技巧 以此立意考查能否正确使用连接时间状语从句的一组连词as soon as,while,until,when,after。as soon as连接主句和从句的动词都应该是短暂动词“一就”；while所引导的从句必须是持续动词；not.until(after)主句和从句的动词也都应该是短暂动词“直到才”，在肯定句中，until从句的动词是短暂动词，但主句
26、的动词必须是持续动词；after引导的从句往往用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时态表示两个动作的先后顺序；since引导的从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。本题的题意为“绿灯亮时才能过马路”，notuntil 直到才，选D。,D,连接目的或结果状语从句的连词。,Hurry up,Jack.We have to get to the station before 11:45 _ we can catch the 12:00 train.A.since B.after C.as soon as D.so that 解题技巧 以此立意考查能否正确使用连接目的和结果状语从句的一组连词so,so that
27、。“为了”“结果”。本题是一个目的状语从句“为了能赶上12点的火车”，选D。,D,连接条件状语从句的连词。,_ you go to bed earlier,you wont feel tired in the mornings.A.UnlessB.BecauseC.If D.When 解题技巧 以此立意考查能否正确使用连接目的和结果状语从句的一组连词if,unless。if如果；unless如果不；除非。本句是一个条件句，如果，选C。,C,转折性连词列表 besides so generally speaking in fact indeedon the contrary of course
28、in short in this way that is because moreover on the other hand but however yet although at the same time insteadeven so for example in addition for instance namelybecause of as a result for this reason therefore thus表示重复，强调和结论比较或对比提出例证因果关系,Exercises,I.Multiple choice.1.Do you think this is somethin
29、g _ can be learned?a.whob.thatc.X(the conjunction can be omitted)2.Dont go out _ youve finished your work.a.asb.whilec.until3.Make sure you close all the windows _ it starts to rain.a.afterb.beforec.for,b,c,b,4.I think I know _ he left the job.a.whyb.untilc.Where5.Shes _ a snobbish person _ nobody l
30、ikes to be with her.a.such.thatb.such.asc.so.that6Whenever I speak to him,was fairly often,he would talk on and on without giving me a chance to speak.Awhat Bwhen CthatDwhich,a,a,D,7._ I had known how much I would disappoint him,I wouldnt have done it.a.Whetherb.Whenc.If8._ you see me,I get in the c
31、ar.a.As soon asb.Whilec.Whether9.My friend John,_ lives in California,has a car with a New York license.a.whoseb.whoc.that,c,a,b,Sentence-combining:,He arrived home.I had already cleaned the house.(by the time)They got married.They had to learn to manage their own home.(after)He went crazy.His wife
32、burnt his breakfast.(when)You can hear what Im saying.You keep quiet.(if)I wont invite my classmates to a party.I know them well.(until)Shes snobbish.People like her.(yet)Were broke.We cant buy anything.(since)He failed.He wont give up his ideals.(even though)He fell asleep.He was watching the film.
33、(while)The first quiz was easy.This one is extremely difficult.(whereas),Sentence-matching,1.The rain started2.Bobs car is old3.He was a famous hockey player曲棍球 4.I wrote many books5.They had to cancel the meeting6.No one knows for sure7.You wont succeed8.Although it was raining a.if you dont try ha
34、rd.b.when he was young.c.because the director did not show up.d.he went out without an umbrella.e.while I was driving home.f.who won last years race.g.before I was awarded the literature prize.h.but he cant afford buying a new one.,1e2-h3-b4-g5-c6-f7-a8-d,最新焦点：,1We agreed to accept they thought was
35、the best professor in the college.Awhatever Bwhomever Cwhichever Dwhoever 2.Our educational system must prepare our citizens to be persons who have great respect for nature _for mankind and persons who want to enrich the world.Aas well asBsuch asCthe same asDas to3 he thought he was helping us with
36、the work,he was actually in the way.ABecause BIfCWhen DAlthough,D,D,5.For some people,traveling abroad is the thing they enjoy most in life;for others,cultural differences make them feel uncomfortable.AfortunatelyBeven worse Cwhats more Dthough6.The things people like about Benetton Stores are the q
37、uality is always high and the prices are generally low.AwhetherBwhatCthatDIf7.It might be all right to tell a friend you loved the shirt you got as a gift you know youll never wear it.Aeven thoughBunlessCin caseDor else,D,C,A,9.CCTV is exactly like a window on the world_ you sit by it and fix your a
38、ttention on what it shows.Aif Bas if Ceven ifDif any10_ human beings live in large numbers,the waters are very likely to be polluted.AThat BWhereCOnceDAs11.Some children are mad over video games.They just cant tear themselves away from them _ they start.Asince Bonce Ceven ifDas12.These countries wil
39、l join one another against terrorism,_ was agreed to at the international conference.A.as B.whoC.that D.what,A,B,B,A,13.He slipped and had his leg broken._,he will have to be away from school for two or three months.A.In any case B.After all C.As a result D.In this way14.The car is in _ bad conditio
40、n _ you cant drive it.Aso;that Bsuch;that Csuch a;thatDtoo;that15.I told them the date _ I joined the Party,_ I would never forget.A.when;whenB.on which;that C.that;that D.when;which 16.The fellow in rags,_ nobody seemed to say anything,tried to explain that he was not a beggar.A.about whom B.to who
41、mC.who D.which,C,C,D,B,17.She disappeared _ I could have a word with her.Anyway,she wouldnt listen to me.A.as B.sinceC.before D.until 18.Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert _ it means standing in queue all night.A.because B.however C.as though D.even though 19.The argument remains extrem
42、ely heated _there are necessary conditions of existence such as water on the Mars.A.that B.whether C.if D.about which20.Madame Curie,_ life was hard at college,was a woman of strong characters and thats why she made her mark in history.A.on whom B.in which C.for whose D.for whom,C,D,B,D,21.Although
43、Anne is happy with her success,she wonders _ will happen to her private life.A.thatB.whatC.itD.this22.We agreed to accept _ they thought was the best tourist guide.A.whateverB.whomever C.whichever D.whoever23.In some countries,_ is called“equality”does not really means equal rights for all people.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.one,B,D,B,
