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1、Animal farm,The introduction of the author,George Orwell:was a British author and journalist.His work is marked by keen intelligence and wit,a profound awareness of social injustice,an intense,revolutionary opposition to totalitarianism,a passion for clarity in language and a belief in democratic so
2、cialism.,Considered perhaps the twentieth centurys best chronicler of English culture,Orwell wrote fiction,polemical journalism,literary criticism and poetry.He is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four(published in 1949)and the satirical novella Animal Farm(1945).,主要角色,老麦泽（Old Majo
3、r）猪，提出了动物主义的思想，影射马克思和列宁 斯诺鲍（Snowball）猪，动物庄园革命的领导者之一，后被 驱逐并宣布为革命的敌人，影射托洛斯基 拿破仑（Napoleon）猪，动物庄园革命的领导者之一，后来 成为庄园的领袖，影射斯大林 鲍克斯（Boxer）马，动物主义理念的忠实追随者，积极响应 革命领袖的号召，后被拿破仑卖给宰马商，象征着相信“革命理论”的广大善良群众 本杰明（Benjamin）驴，对拿破仑的所作所为始终抱有怀疑但 明哲自保，象征有独立思想对极权主义有所怀疑但明哲保身的知识分子（乔治奥威尔宣称本杰明是影射自己）,无名的很多狗 拿破仑在动物庄园实施暴力统治的工具，象征极权主义国
4、家的各种暴力机构（如克格勃）人琼斯先生（Mr.Jones）庄园农场的旧主人，影射沙皇尼古拉二世 皮尔京顿先生（Mr.Pilkington）福克斯伍德农场的主人，影射西方国家（如英国的丘吉尔和美国的罗斯福）弗雷德里克先生（Mr.Frederick）平彻菲尔德农场的主人，曾经与动物庄园达成买卖协议，后来 毁约并入侵动物庄园。影射希特勒的纳粹德国 温普先生（Mr.Whymper）动物庄园与外界的联系人，影射西方 的左派人士（如萧伯纳）,被认为与现实历史事件相对应的情节,第一章 老麦泽向动物传道：马克思、恩格斯创立共产主义学说，并在各国宣传，在其影响下形成了最早的一批共产主义者。“四条腿好，两条腿坏”
5、、“所有动物都是同志”：马克思恩格斯国际共产主义、号召全世界无产者联合起来的口号。“英格兰兽”及其反响：1848年，失败的欧洲工人革命/19世纪末沙俄各派社会主义者的行动。第二章 拿破仑、斯诺鲍发展动物主义：列宁发展马克思主义并将其现实化/苏共的发展。琼斯先生的困境：沙俄卷入一战无法自拔。动物造反：无政府主义式的二月革命。七诫的书写：十月革命/苏共（布）的建立。,第三章 收割牧草：苏联的第一个五年计划/列宁的“新经济政策”。各个委员会的成立：“苏维埃”的成立。第四章 动物庄园声名的传播：十月革命后到20世纪20年代初西方各国对苏俄的恐惧。“牛棚大战”：肃清白俄，反对西方（包括波兰）干涉。第五章
6、 改进生产工具：苏联第二、第三两个五年计划中对苏联经济结构的改造。斯诺鲍的理想和风车计划：托洛斯基的社会主义思想和全球革命论。九只狗的培养：内务人民委员会/克格勃的建立。借鉴纳粹德国：盖世太保。驱逐斯诺鲍：斯大林上台后对托洛斯基/托派的封杀。,第六章 风车建设：经济建设中的重工业化/对轻工业的忽视。（注：风车象征着苏联的建设成果。）温普尔的到来：苏联通过萧伯纳等作家传达信息与西方一定程度的和解。猪的享乐化：（预言）苏联高层的腐化。风车被毁（德国）：国会大厦被烧。/苏联的经济危机。第七章 饥荒：苏联的农业集体化对农业的损害。鸡的造反/被逼出售鸡蛋：苏联对劳改犯的残酷折磨（苦工）。批判斯诺鲍：清洗
7、托派的继续。大屠杀：斯大林的肃反运动。“英格兰兽”的被禁：苏联纳粹窜改社会主义学说。,第八章 篡改“七诫”：篡改社会主义学说。梅尼缪斯的诗歌：对斯大林的个人崇拜。煽动对斯诺鲍/人类的恐惧心理：（各国常用政治手腕）通过对敌人的恐惧（xenophobia）来转移舆论注意力。出卖木料：（英法）慕尼黑协定/苏德互不侵犯条约。出卖木料被骗：德国撕毁苏德互不侵犯条约。与其它庄园的关系：20世纪三十年代后期的国际政治格局。对弗雷德里克的战斗：二战中苏联的卫国战争。猪的饮酒：苏联高层的更加腐化。,第九章 乌鸦“摩西”的归来：苏联对宗教管制的放松。鲍克斯的受伤/被杀：战后苏联人民生活的困难。猪狗数量的增长：苏联
8、高层人员数目的膨胀。第十章 猪篡改“动物主义”理论/猪变成人：（预言）苏联将放下“社会主义”的表皮，使剥削合法化。猪和人类的和解/人猪宴会：英美和苏联的战时合作/德黑兰会议,Major Themes of Animal Farm,Orwells thoughts were ignited when he happened to see a village boy whipping a cart-horse.At that moment,Orwell received the inspiration he needed to formulate his ideas into Animal Far
9、m:It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we would have no power over them,and that men exploit animals,as the government in a totalitarian state exploits the common people.Now Orwell had a plan for his novel which would both argue the need for a true socialist governme
10、nt and warn the world of the ways in which socialist ideas threatened the will of these in power who wish to control other people.,the novels meaning is not rooted solely in its portrayal of the Russian Revolution.The novel asks its readers to examine the ways in which political leaders with seeming
11、ly noble and altruistic motives can betray the very ideals in which they ostensibly believe,as well as the ways in which certain members of a nation can elect themselves to positions of great power and abuse their fellow citizens,all under the guise of assisting them.,Animal Farm and the Russian Rev
12、olution,One of Orwells goals in writing Animal Farm was to portray the Russian(or Bolshevik)Revolution of 1917 as one that resulted in a government more oppressive,totalitarian,and deadly than the one it overthrew.Many of the characters and events of Orwells novel parallel those of the Russian Revol
13、ution:In short,Manor Farm is a model of Russia,and Old Major,Snowball,and Napoleon represent the dominant figures of the Russian Revolution.,Animalism,Animalism is an allegorical mirror of the Soviet Union,particularly between the 1910s and the 1940s,as well as the evolution of the view of the Russi
14、an revolutionaries and government of how to practice it.clarification needed It is invented by the highly respected pig Old Major.The pigs Snowball,Napoleon,and Squealer adapt Old Majors ideas into an actual philosophy,which they formally name Animalism).,.Soon after,Napoleon and Squealer indulge in
15、 the vices of humans(drinking alcohol,sleeping in beds,trading).Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for his humanization,which represents the Soviet governments tweaking of communist theory to make it more a reformation of capitalism than a replacement.,The Seven Commandm
16、ents,1、Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy 2、Whatever goes upon four legs,or has wings,is a friend.3、No animal shall wear clothes.4、No animal shall sleep in a bed.5、No animal shall drink alcohol.6、No animal shall kill any other animal.7、All animals are equal.,七诫,凡靠两条腿行走者皆为仇敌；凡靠四肢行走者，或者长翅膀者，皆为亲友；任何动物不得着衣；任何动物不得卧床；任何动物不得饮酒；任何动物不得伤害其他动物；所有动物一律平等。一般认为七诫是影射了共产党宣言,Thank you,
