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1、2013學年第2學期國三隔週留宿地球科學課程講義班級：座號：姓名：【壹、礦物岩石再觀察】岩石是各種礦物的集合體，依其生成的原因可以分為火成岩、沉積岩與變質岩。每一種岩石都有其特殊的地方。可以根據各個特徵分辨出岩石的種類。一、 火成岩試將火成岩的特徵填入下表，並加以命名：編號組織顏色組成礦物可能產狀岩石名稱組織：為岩石組成物質粗細大小呈現的外貌產狀：為岩石產出之狀態，火成岩可分為火山岩(噴出岩)與深成岩(侵入岩)二、 沉積岩試將沉積岩的特徵填入下表，並加以命名：編號組織(粒度)顏色組成礦物外觀與稀鹽酸反應岩石名稱粒度：為沉積岩中礦物顆粒的平均直徑，沉積岩也是以此進行分類。三、 變質岩試將變質岩的
2、特徵填入下表，並加以命名：編號葉理成分原岩外觀及產狀.岩石名稱葉理：為變質岩中礦物顆粒受應力壓擠後的產狀，可指示當時受壓的方向為何。【貳、校園石材大搜索】人類為了抵禦外營力的各種作用，在建造居所時常使用能抗衡這些營力的材料。其中，各種岩石所切割成的石材成了人類的最佳選擇。此外，因人類有對美的事物之追求，故將有著奇特形狀、豔麗色澤、美麗紋樣或細膩質地的天然成形岩石用在陳列、收藏或造園上。此類石材一般稱之為雅石或觀賞石，被人們所青睞。而我們的校園裡，有哪些是建築石材？哪些是觀賞雅石呢？請你跟著老師的腳步，細細探尋吧。以上圖中各點所用石材，是建築石材？還是觀賞雅石？他們各叫做什麼名字呢？分屬三大岩類
3、中的何者呢？請從上圖選取五處填答：圖中位置編號建築石材觀賞雅石岩石名稱三大岩類分屬如果你覺得是建築石材的話，請在該處打勾；如是觀賞雅石的話，則於該欄中打勾。【參、看看天空的雲兒】人們抬頭向天空看去，最常見到的莫過於一朵又一朵各色各樣的雲兒。雲兒的外型與顏色，對氣象觀測人員來說，是判斷天候將會如何遷化的重要依據。也因此，觀雲，成了各地地面氣象觀測站每天必要的例行事項。雲，依形成位置(雲族)而有低雲、中雲、高雲或直展雲之分；依形態(雲屬)則有層雲、積雲或卷雲之別。下面表列出十種主要的雲她們的形狀與生成位置，請你告訴老師，現在你看到的天空上，那朵雲兒叫啥名？住哪裡呢？表一、雲的族屬與形成高度雲族雲屬
4、出現高度(km)熱帶溫帶極區低雲層雲(St)層積雲(Sc)從地面附近到2km處雨層雲(Ns)雖雲高屬中雲族，但雲底常位於低雲族處，故分為低雲族。中雲高層雲(As)高積雲(Ac)282724高雲卷雲(Ci)卷層雲(Cs)卷積雲(Cc)61851338直展雲積雲(Cu)積雨雲(Cb)雲底高度通常位於低雲族處，但雲頂能向上延伸至中、高雲族處。圖二、雲的族屬之外形圖三、十種雲族實況年份月份日期時間地點面向20143所見雲層繪圖處：推測雲高(多少公里)推測雲形推測雲之名稱【肆、以筒窺天認識望遠鏡】望遠鏡的種類與各部分介紹：利用特定星座尋找北極星的方法：【伍、三足金烏在哪裡？】古代中國人認為太陽是隻有著三
5、支腳爪的烏鴉，祂們居於蓬萊東方湯谷的扶桑樹上，每日由羲和駕車帶祂們巡行天下。而今，透過各種觀測方式，我們知道太陽其實不是一隻烏鴉的化身，它其實是一團75%為氫、25%為氦的氣態巨型天體。那麼，古人為什麼會認為太陽是烏鴉呢？這與太陽表面上的黑色斑點太陽黑子有關。現在，讓我們來看看這些烏鴉在何方吧？關於太陽黑子觀測：觀測太陽黑子的方法通常有1.直視法、2.投影法、3.照相攝影法此三種。今天，我們先使用巴德膜太陽濾光眼鏡來觀測太陽，後利用望遠鏡對太陽黑子進行觀測。圖四、投影法之觀察太陽黑子方式圖五、太陽黑子與地球的實際比例東莞台商子弟學校中學部地球科學課程太陽黑子觀測紀錄表中原標準時間即為現行台北時
6、間或北京時間。世界標準時間即為格林威治標準時間(GMT, Greenwich Mean Time)，後改為協調世界時間(UTC, Universal Time Coordinated)。中原標準時間為GMT+8或UTC+8。【陸、台灣氣象】台灣氣候簡介平均年降雨量為2515mm，但隨著季節、位置、標高的不同，降雨量也隨之變化。北、東部全年有雨，其中基隆被稱為雨港。中南部的雨季，則主要在夏季，因此南部乾濕季分明。本區季風大於信風的影響，全區位於季風氣候範圍內，夏季吹西南季風，冬季吹東北季風。但有時會因氣團位置而改變風向，如：夏季八月太平洋高氣壓西伸受所吹的東南風，秋季乾燥而涼爽的東北風，常見於十
7、月，或是溫暖的東風，常見於冬季冷氣團東移出海變性後。夏季前期受西南季風帶來潮溼而溫暖的氣流影響，之後則受副熱帶高壓影響，是為熱帶海洋氣團所控制，每日氣溫經常可達27到35度，且濕度也高。七月的平均氣溫達到28度。冬季受冷空氣影響，以臺北測站的溫度可分為：大陸冷氣團、強烈大陸冷氣團、寒潮影響，加上台灣四面環海，一旦遇到來自中國大陸北方寒流南下，亦因受海洋暖流中和了寒冷的氣溫，加上水氣阻擋，使氣候也較溫暖，相比華南沿海地區，甚至是海南島北部更顯得溫和暖和。是為大陸氣團所控制。一月平均氣溫為14度，但在合歡山、玉山、雪山等山區地帶仍然有降雪的機會。因地理位置之故，經常有許多颱風經過，六月至九月是颱風
8、季，每年夏、秋兩季平均都有三到四個颱風侵襲臺灣。颱風為台灣提供了充沛的水分，但由於降雨空間和時間分佈十分不均，容易引發洪水與土石流等災害。另一方面，臺灣如果缺少夏季颱風所帶來的雨水，到冬季就容易出現乾旱。台灣氣象之最溫度與雨量項目溫度變化觀測地點相關備註資料年平均溫度最高25.0恆春統計自1900年到2002年之資料年平均溫度最低(平地)22.1淡水年平均溫度最低(山地)3.9玉山統計自1900年到2002年之資料單日氣溫最高40.2台東2004年5月9日單日氣溫次高39.9台中2004年7月1日，敏督利颱風，焚風單日氣溫最低-18.4玉山1970年1月30日單日氣溫次低-11.5阿里山196
9、3年1月28日項目降雨狀況觀測地點相關備註資料最大日降雨量1403mm屏東尾寮山2009年8月8日，莫拉克颱風最大年降雨量9513mm宜蘭冬山鄉新寮1974年最小年降雨量323.3mm澎湖1916年年平均降雨量最多4892mm陽明山鞍部統計自1900年到2002年之資料年平均降雨量最少963mm澎湖統計自1900年到2002年之資料年降雨日數最多224日蘭嶼統計自1900年到2002年之資料年降雨日數最少69日澎湖東吉嶼統計自1900年到2002年之資料Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-fina
10、l win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in t
11、heir first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the m
12、ost interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line
13、 this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match t
14、omorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, presid
15、ent of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news:
16、 Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached,
17、will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the s
18、tratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when the
19、y got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.
20、That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good k
21、ick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-ba
22、ck they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.
