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1、How Structure Adds toArchitectural Beauty结构如何提升建筑美感gmp + sbpNikolausgoetzeSvenPlieningergmp（冯格康，玛格及合伙人建筑师事务所）合伙人。德国sbp结构事务所合伙人。德国斯图加特大学建筑工建筑设计代表作品：上海东方体育中心、德国奥迪设计和程硕士，德国注册结构工程师。模型大楼、越南公共安全部总部、越南河内历史博物馆、结构设计代表作品：莱比锡图书馆、上海东方体育中西安曲江国际会展中心、大连期货大厦、上海临港新城规心（跨度150m钢结构）、诺华制药盖里大楼、法兰克划、深圳会展中心、广州发展中心大厦、南宁国际会议福
2、A380飞机库（跨度180m钢结构）、深圳会展中心、展览中心。近期竞赛项目包括深圳宝安国际机场第3航站莱比锡A380飞机库、尼日利亚国家体育场及体育馆楼、迪拜火车东站、上海临港航海博物馆等。（250m大跨度索膜结构）、汉诺威世博会4，13 及26 号展厅（德国钢结构设计金奖）。58 Introduction引言gmp - Nikolaus Goetze: We would like to present the design of Shanghai gmp-Nikolausgoetze：在介绍上海东方体育中心（SOSC）的Oriental Sport Centre, so called SOS
3、C. Before introducing our general ideas 设计方案的总体思路和概念之前，首先要说明的是：上海东方体育and concept of SOSC to you we also would like to point out that the realization of a landmark building like SOSC is a result of teamwork of many disciplines.中心这一地标建筑设计的实现，是各个专业团队共同努力的成果。Architects, landscapers, lighting designers,
4、engineers for sustainability and 建筑师、景观设计师、灯光设计师、可持续设计工程师等，特别是especially the structure engineers are part of a design orchestra which has the 结构工程师，在设计团队中发挥了重要作用。ambition to create an outstanding, complex, unique and sophisticated design for a building like SOSC, which you will see tomorrow in the o
5、riginal. 当今世界，全球各地对优秀建筑的需求始终保持逐年攀升。考The demands towards an outstanding building are rising year by year 虑到各种影响，城镇规划已要求需将建筑综合体融入现有的城镇结worldwide:-The town planning asks you to integrate a building complex into a given town 构。一个高品质的建筑设计必须保证持久的可识别性、高度的灵活structure considering a huge amount of influences.
6、性和最合理的利用程度。设计中融入的可持续理念应能减少未来的-The quality of an architectural design must guarantee a long lasting identity, 能耗，同时提升建筑内用户的幸福感。而作为结构工程师应考虑以high flexibility and optimal use.-The input of sustainable philosophy has to decrease future energy 下几点：1）建筑和结构的统一；2）通过采用创新结构系统，确保consumption and increase the sen
7、se of well being inside a building.稳定性；3）建筑造价；4）通过设计高效的建筑系统，优化建造时And last but not least the structure engineer has to consider: 间。因此，应尽早组建一个完整的团队开始设计过程。-the unity of architecture and structure-the guarantee of stability by innovative structural systems设计团队应承担以下责任：1）紧锣密鼓地开展设计，制定出比选-the building costs
8、 方案；2）参与建设性批评；3）组织设计评估、讨论和各种研讨会，Optimization of construction time by designing effective building systems.并快速做出决策。在各方努力下，我们最终完成了这一独特的设计。Therefore a holistic team has to be set up as early as possible to start the design process. The team undertakes:sbp-SvenPlieninger：不管是现代建筑，还是体育设施，其目标a fast track a
9、nd intensive design process working out alternatives都是成为一个引人注目的地标性建筑。getting involved into constructive criticismevaluation & discussion & think tank moments and 在设计上海东方体育中心这一体育设施时，我们面临了各种fast decision making各样的复杂问题：将现代建筑技术和赛事本身的巨大使用需求相结Finally a unique result comes out and everybody hopes t
10、hat the design 合，同时最重要的是，实现向全球直播这些赛事的需求。这尤其convinces the judges of the competition.sbp Sven Plieninger: As explained, a contemporary building or sports 要求我们打造一个现代化的有特色的建筑，以便形成出色的建筑facility aims to be an outstanding landmark. 外观。而对于大跨度结构的要求也至关重要，这有助于满足建筑简In a sports facility like SOSC we are facing c
11、omplex problems of integrating 约、轻盈、生态和经济性的要求。从这一方面讲，我们在实践中的modern building technologies with huge demands concerning the usability for the event itself and foremost the ability to broadcast these events worldwide. 基本目标之一就是：打造一个能够向来宾展示其“结构/工作原理”This in particular requires a modern and unique archite
12、cture which gives an 的建筑。outstanding appearance. 由于不同情况下边界或限制条件均各不相同，我们针对这一Crucial requirements of long spanning structures are to fulfill the demands of simplicity, lightness and thus being ecological and economical. 问题可提供多种解决方案，这为每个项目都提供了不同的机遇和挑In this regard the idea of having a building which is
13、 able to tell the visitor: 战。基于gmp和sbp双方的长期合作关系，我们认真分析了项目的"what is the structural principle- how does the building work" - is one of the fundamental goals in the work of our practices. 任务，找出项目的主导条件，经建筑师和工程师共同研究后，将其The solutions which can be achieved are varying because the borderlines or 转
14、化为建筑的设计理念。given constraints in each case are different, creating different opportunities and challenges for each project.Based on our long-term cooperation (gmp + sbp) we start to analyze the given 企业历程tasks very carefully to find out the governing conditions and transform them via a gmp-Nikolausgoe
15、tze:gmp和sbp有众多共同之处，两家事务mutual discussion between architect and engineers into an idea for the buildings. 所都起源于德国，gmp的总部设在汉堡，sbp的总部设在斯图加History特。两家事务所都有着50多年的历史，成立事务所的创始合伙人至gmp - Nikolaus Goetze: There are many similarities among our offices of 今仍在所内任职：Meinhardt von Gerkan和Volkwin Marg于1965年gmp and s
16、bp. Both offices have their origin in Germany. 创立了gmp；Jrg Schlaich和Rudolf Bergermann于1980年创立了The headquarter of gmp is placed in Hamburg while the headquarter of sbp is sbp。此外，双方还存在其他合作的共同基础：双方的大部分项目placed in Stuttgart.都是从设计竞赛中脱颖而出的；双方都重视概念研究；双方的设计Both offices were founded almost 50 years ago by our
17、 still active senior partners: 团队均执着于每个细节的完善；双方的专业面均非常广，能够胜任Meinhardt von Gerkan and Volkwin Marg founded gmp in 1965 文化建筑、交通、办公、高层建筑、体育场、住宅等各种专业；双while J?rg Schlaich and Rudolph Bergermann founded sbp in 1980 方均勇于尝试。Now 4 partners, who took over the responsibility to carry on the offices philosophy
18、 and accountability, lead each of the offices. 如前所述，sbp成立于1980年，但其根源可追溯到20世纪60年There are other similarities which make the cooperation easy:代Jrg Schlaich和Rudolf Bergermann为1972年慕尼黑奥运会打造We profit from more than 50 years of experience.Most of our projects are the result of competitions.的设计方案。该设计是德国首个轻
19、型结构设计。自此之后，采用钢 59摄影：Heiner Leiska摄影：Heiner Leiska汉堡历史博物馆索和张拉膜结构就成为了我们设计作品的核心理念。-We emphasize on the conceptual approach.由于双方对轻盈通透设计目标的共同追求，1989年，gmp和-Our design work takes care of every detail.-We are not specialized and feel open for all kinds of disciplines like buildings sbp首度携手，为汉堡博物馆这一庭院屋顶项目提供设
20、计服务。这of culture, traffic, offices, high-rises, stadiums and residential use.是一个近乎完美的结合，堪称建筑师和工程师最佳合作方式的典-Both of us like to experiment.sbp Sven Plieninger: As already mentioned, schlaich bergermann and 范。为博物馆提出的建筑概念是：通过一个近乎隐形、极度通透的partner was founded in 1980 but the roots date back to the first coll
21、aboration 薄膜，分隔建筑的室内外空间。但究竟如何实现该操作？此时，工of J?rg Schlaich and Rudolf Bergermann during the 1960s for the 1972 程师们萌生出打造一个“玻璃外壳”的想法，完美地解决了该问Munich Olympics which was the beginning of the structural lightweight design in Germany. 题。此后，该方案被人们称为 “网壳结构原理”。双方均认为，这Since that moment the use of tensile structur
22、es with cables and membranes 正是彼此所需的互惠合作。became the central idea of our work.Together with the strong relationships to the Universities of Stuttgart and Berlin, this gave us the opportunity to research in this field and also brought 企业理念about a bunch of international contacts which from the very beg
23、inning provided gmp-Nikolausgoetze：随着全球化进程的不断推进，设计师之the chance to take part in projects in many different countries. Curiosity in terms of developing ourselves in technical regards as well as being interested 间的竞争愈演愈烈。欧洲的建筑师事务所跑到亚洲设计大楼，中国in different cultures and human beings became a driving point.
24、的建筑院同样也在加拿大等国实施各类项目。The aim of achieving a light and transparent design brought both of our offices 随之而来的，则是令人回味的文化交流。考虑到建筑师能够in contact with each other when gmp and sbp first met for the courtyard roof project of the "Hamburg Museum" in 1989. This was a nearly perfect 在世界各地工作，业主们对于清晰的企业理念
25、我们称之为个性coincidence since it was exemplary for what we believe is the most ideal form 化的手迹，也提出了明确需求。有鉴于此，我们有必要通过抽象的of cooperation between architect and engineer. 理念来对建筑手法做出定义：1）设计概念必须清晰直观；2）力求The architectural idea intended for the Museum: an almost invisible, ultra transparent, thin layer as a separ
26、ation between interior and exterior - but how 避免流于表现和新潮，却无法与建筑用途、功能及结构匹配的设计to achieve this?元素；3）主要目标是精简设计，使建筑内容和外观达到恒久的品The engineers - during this time thinking about a "glazed shell" - gave the perfect answer with the solution which is since then known as "grid shell 质；4）精简建筑形式和限制用材
27、同样有助于实现简约的目标；4）principle". 在设计阶段，我们倡导的建筑设计指导思想是：与设计团队、业主Both practices recognized that this was the way they wanted to benefit from 和用户之间展开对话式交流。each other, thus many other co-operations followed.sbp-SvenPlieninger：相较于设计理念，我更愿意说：我们的Philosophy一切行为背后都有明确的原则提供指导。我们力求在工作中遵循这gmp - Nikolaus Goetze: T
28、he competition among all designers has grown 些原则，这就是我们的设计理念。我们事务所流行着这么一句话，as a result of globalization. Architects from Europe are designing buildings in Asia. Chinese architects are realizing projects for example in Canada. 可以很好地表达我们的追求，大意是：建筑的艺术无法割裂成任何The global approach leads to an interesting cu
29、ltural exchange. Since 一个独立的学科或零星的片段，同样，简单堆积这些学科或片段也architects are able to work all around the world, clients do expect a clear 无法形成一个整体。正因为如此，我们并不把自己具体定位为结构philosophy lets call it an individual handwriting. That is the reason why we like to define our architectural approaches by an abstract philoso
30、phy: 或桥梁工程师。所以，无论是玻璃屋顶、高层建筑、体育设施或是-The conceptual idea must be clearly visible.桥梁，我们的所有项目都应达到同样的品质要求。具体为：1）轻-We try to avoid expressive and fashionable design elements, which do not fit to the use, function and structure of a building.盈，几乎不可见 ，以尽可能减少用材；2）按功能要求设计；3）容-Our main goal is to reduce our de
31、sign to achieve a long lasting quality in 易理解的传力途径；4）拉压杆，避免弯曲。这些正是我们作为结respect to its content and appearance.构工程师所应完成的任务。我们力求突破极限，学习新的事物，从-Formal reduction and the limitation of materials also strengthen the aim of simplicity.而不断提升我们的日常工作能力。60 -During design phase we provoke the dialogical design as
32、 a guideline of our gmp-Nikolausgoetze：不过，我们的这一理念，究竟需要将建architectural approach with our design team, client and user.筑师和结构工程师紧密结合到什么程度呢？最重要的目标是，建筑sbp Sven Plieninger: Instead of Philosophy I would rather like to say 和结构必须形成一个整体。因此，结构概念需进一步强化建筑的概that behind all what we do, there are clear principles
33、which we try to follow in our work and we could call this our philosophy.念和理念。There is one (unfortunately German) key sentence in our office describing our sbp-SvenPlieninger：反之亦然！ intention:"Die Baukunst ist unteilbar"gmp-Nikolausgoetze：我们对于简约的需求同时影响结构构件This poem means that the "art
34、of building" cannot be divided in disciplines/bits and pieces which are thought independent and brought together to form a unity. 的选择。因此，减少结构构件的使用，如限制钢用量或采用钢索结So we do not divide ourselves in structural or civil engineers, thus our projects, 构，也可达到简约的目标。regardless if it is a glass roof, high-ri
35、se, sports facility or a bridge, should 影响设计的另一个方面是结构特征的可见度。事实上，我们通reach the same qualities. Words like: 过两步展示结构特征，或许我们可以重新回到本文的标题：“结构-Lightweight, invisibility - minimization of material consumption 如何提升建筑美感？”-Designing according the requirements-Understandable flow of forces 第一步是使结构概念在功能上可见，让每个人都能
36、理解结构构-Tension and compression instead of bending 件的工作原理。结构系统作为建筑的组成部分，成为一个颇具美感describe our tasks as structural engineers. 的工程元素。We try to go beyond limits in order to learn new things, in order to expand our capabilities for the day to day work. 第二步是使结构概念服务于建筑的设计形式。结构构件可打造Thus we are also engaged in
37、 developing designs for solar power plants which 具有雕塑感的元素。we think are one of the challenges of the future we should contribute to.建筑师和结构工程师之间还应展开可激发创新的对话。创新源We see ourselves as a team of generalists in our field but after all we are specialized structural engineers for tasks which require special s
38、olutions.于特殊的功能需求，譬如体育场的活动屋顶或重量问题。出于减轻gmp - Nikolaus Goetze: But in how far does our philosophical approach 屋顶构件重量的需求，膜结构技术应运而生。同样的原因，人们开link architects and structural engineers together?始使用索网幕墙代替传统幕墙元素。The most important aim must be that architecture and structure form a unity. Therefore the struct
39、ural concept has to strengthen the concept and idea of a building. sbp-SvenPlieninger：在我看来，有个历史案例采用的方法需要sbp - Sven Plieninger: Or vice-versa! 我们牢记，这种思维方式也常见于gmp和sbp的作品中。gmp - Nikolaus Goetze: Our demand of simplicity also influences the structural elements. Therefore the reduction of structural item
40、s like limitation 在万国博览会时期，以1889年的巴黎展为例，建筑已不再作为of steel weight or the usage of cable constructions fulfills the aim of simplicity. 卓越结构性能的装饰，而结构的作用也不仅限于打造出色的建筑作Another aspect which affects our design is the way of visibility of the structural 品。character. In fact there are 2 approaches of presenting
41、 structure or lets stick to the title:这些建筑传达了一个很明确的信息：只有建筑和结构工程达到How structure adds to architectural beauty.平衡或合理分配两个专业间的工作任务，才能取得令人满意的效果。The first approach makes the structural concept visible in its function. 所以，我们始终致力于寻求双方对设计任务的共识，然后寻找形式和Everybody understands how the structural elements work toge
42、ther. The structural systems create an esthetical engineering element as a part of the 结构之间的最佳平衡。桥梁、体育场、大跨度展厅和火车站等对于工architecture. 程技术的要求颇高，而博物馆或研发楼等则主要考虑建筑功能。建筑The second approach makes the structural concept serve the formal intention 形式是双方讨论的结果。任何情况下，建筑师都不会只考虑功能性或of the architecture. The structur
43、al elements contribute to the creation of sculptural elements. 美感，他同时还会促使工程师为该设计任务寻求合适的结构方案。而摄影：Christian Gahl浦东展览馆摄影：Roman Mensing摄影：Christian Gahl步行桥“轻盈的弹簧”，奥伯豪森大运会体育中心 61摄影：Marcus Bredt柏林中央火车站1889年巴黎世博会，机械展厅工程师：康泰明，建筑师：都特The dialogue between architects and structural engineers also has to provoke
44、 工程师也会从他对项目的理解出发，针对建筑美感提出建议。这就要innovation. 求一方学会倾听另一方的意见。双方的合作不仅是训练有素的，而且Innovation comes from the special requirements of functions, like the movable 是从专业技能和其中一个专业的需求出发，并且要求语言互通。以我roof of a stadium, or weight problems. The use of membrane technique is a result of decreasing the weight of roof 的经验来看
45、，这种工作方式对于任何项目都大有裨益。elements. The same preconditions are the reason for using cable string fa?ades instead gmpof conventional fa?ade elements. & sbp的项目经验sbp Sven Plieninger: For me there is an approach in historic examples 大连双子塔which we should remember, and this kind of thinking can often be foun
46、d in the gmpwork of gmp and sbp. -Nikolausgoetze：大连双子楼是大连的地标性建筑综合During the times of the famous World exhibitions like the one in Paris in 体，定义了大连其中一条最重要的城市轴线。两栋塔楼及其相连的1889, architecture was no longer the decoration of exceptional structural 基底建筑，形成充满活力的中央城市广场。双子楼地上53层，总体performance or structure was
47、 not just making exceptional architecture work. With these buildings it was made clear that only by an equality of architecture 高度240m。and structural engineering or by assigning the tasks adequately between the 双子楼的幕墙设计极为重要。我们的目标是使幕墙的结构和节disciplines, a convincing result can be achieved. 奏随着建筑的升高而逐渐放
48、缓。幕墙在每隔8层设置的空中大堂处So we always try to find a common understanding of design task and afterwards we find the right balance of form and structure.分割，每隔8层形成一个宽阔大堂和入口空间。I.e. a bridge, a stadium, a long-span exhibition hall or a railway station sbp-SvenPlieninger：结构工程师可能只将高层建筑看成是包括requires a key part in e
49、ngineering, whereas museums or research buildings 核心筒、楼板、柱和幕墙在内的简单的垂直悬臂梁，并无特别之处。are driven by the architectural functions. In all cases architect and engineer will contribute with different intensity to the process. 但我们都知道：越靠近建筑底部，弯矩和剪力就越大。我们曾尝试在This may also explain why not each and every building formally looks the same. 大连双子楼项目中，将这一原理体现在结构和建筑中。设计概念包括The building form is generated through the course of our discussions: By no 一个核心筒和外部框架。上部楼层采用8.4m的柱网，越靠近底层，means does the architect only care
