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1、Adverbial Clause,状语从句,状语从句,考查特点,能力要求,用法归纳,时间状语从句,条件状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,地点状语从句,方式状语从句目的状语从句比较状语从句,一 状语从句高考的考查特点,1.试题的设问呈现出交叉和综合的特点,(不同性质的连词;定语从句和名词性从句的干扰),2.题干句的情景化增强,句意理解难度提高,二能力要求：,1.了解状语从句的分类情况及各种状语 从句中经常使用的连词2.能够在真实的语境中判定从句与主句 的逻辑关系,从而能够使用恰当的连词 完成交际.3.能够辨别同类状语从句中近似连词的 用法区别.,三状语从句的定义、功能、分类,定
2、义：在复合句中作状语的从句,功能：状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中 的动词，形容词或副词，或整个主句,分类：按意义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等状语从句。,从句的位置放在句首，也可放在句末。放在句首时，从句后面常用一个逗号，放在句末时，从句前一般不用逗号。,一.时间状语从句,引导时间状语从句的从属连词,1.基本类：before、after、when、while、as、since、till、until、once,as soon as,etc.,2.名词类（由名词词组充当引导词）：the moment,the minute,the second,the instant
3、,etc.(一就);every time,each time,the last time,the first time,以及the day,the year,the morning等，也可引导一个时间状语从句,etc.,Ill tell him the minute(that)he gets here.I started the very moment I got your letter.,3.副词类（由副词充当引导词）：immediately,directly,instantly,etc.(一.就.),4.句型类：no soonerthan,hardly/scarcely when,etc.
4、(一就),e.g.I will give you an answer immediately I finish my work.The machine will start instantly you press the button.,e.g She had no sooner heard the news than she fainted.No sooner had she heard the news than she fainted.Scarcely had he gone when she appeared.,注意:用于句首时应引起部分倒装,且前部分一般用过去完成时,when表示点时
5、间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。When they were still talking and laughing,the teacher came in.当他们还在说笑的时候，老师进来了。（when表示段时间）He waved a hello when he saw her.当他看见她的时候，就挥手打了个招呼。（when表示点时间）,注意：,1.when,as,while 的区别,2.可用作并列连词，其意义为“这时,突然”，相当于and then suddenly。常用于下列句式：be doing be about to do sth be on the point o
6、f doing I was about to go out when the door bell rang.One evening I was having my dinner when an unexpected friend knocked my door.,+when,3.还可以表示原因“既然”，相当于since;considering that。如：It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.How can he get good grades when he
7、 wont study?,2whilewhile通常表示一段时间，从句中常用持续性动词作谓语。Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。while有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译成而。I am fond of English while he likes maths.我喜欢英语而他却喜欢数学。We slept while the captain kept watch.我们睡觉而上尉担任警戒。while有时可引导让步状语从句，意思是虽然。While they love the children,they are strict with them.虽然他们都爱他们的孩子
8、，但却对他们要求严格。,3asas表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。as和when两者经常可以通用。The thief was caught as/when he was stealing in the supermarket.小偷在超市行窃时被逮住了。I saw Jim as/when he left the meeting room.吉姆离开会议室时候我看到了他。,as表示 一边一边，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。He looked behind from time to time as he went.他一边走，一边不时地往后看。,as表示随着A
9、s time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖了。,4wheneverwhenever是when的强势语，它描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作。You are always welcome whenever you come.无论你何时来都欢迎。Whenever we met with difficulties,they came to help us.每当我们遇上困难的时候，他们就来帮我们。,2.till,until和notuntil小结：1）until/till用于肯定句时，表示直到 为止，主句必须为持
10、续性动词。We shall wait until/till he comes back.我们将一直等到他回来。Everything went well until/till that accident happened.直到发生那意外之前，一切都正常。2）Notuntil/till表示直到 才，主句通常要用短暂性动词。,I didnt leave until/till she came back.直到她回来，我才离开的。Bells dont ring till until you strike them.铃不打不响。People do not know the value of their h
11、ealth till until before they lose it.人们直至失去了健康才知其可贵。,3当not until位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。注意：until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till从句一般不放在句首。4在强调句型中一般只能用until，不用till。,注意：当时间状语从句表示将来时，在after,as soon as,before,till/until,when,the moment等引导的状语从句不用一般将来时，而通常用一般现在时；不用将来完成时，而用现在完成时。这两种现在时态在时间连词后面通常可以互换。如The Owens will
12、 move to a new flat when their baby is born.(has been born.),3.连接词before的小结：一、含义1 We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.2 We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.3 Please write it down before you forget it.4Before I could get in a word,he had measured me.,“才”,“不到就”,“趁”,“还没来得及”,
13、二1）句型It will be/was段时间before“还要过多久才”如：It will be two years before he leaves the country.2）句型It will be/was not一段时间before“不多久就”。如：It wasnt two years before he left the country.,4since,ever since1since自以来。表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为延续性动词的现在完成时，从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。It has been just a week since we arri
14、ved here.Where have you been since I last saw youSince she was young,she has been collecting stamps.经典句型：句型It is/has been段时间since时间的计算？Its two years since he was a college student.他大学毕业已有两年了,2ever since 从那时起直至现在，此后一直。3since还可以用作副词或介词 My uncle went to Tibet in the 1950s.He has been living there（ever）
15、since.我叔叔五十年代就去了西藏，从那以后他一直生活在那里。You have made great achievements in your work since graduation.你们自毕业以来已经在工作中取得了巨大成就。,5.一就表达法：as soon as.可译为一就，用来表示主从句的动作是紧接着发生的。一就还可以用on/upon doing 结构来表示。On arriving home he called up Lester.immediately instantly directly相当于as soon as，从句中用一般过去时态。They phoned her immedi
16、ately they reached home.他一到家马上就给她打了电话。the moment,the minute,the instant,the second这几个名词短语也可用作连词，直接引导时间状语从句，表示一 就。,He said hed turn on TV the moment he got home.他说他一到家就打开电视机。Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives.告诉他，他一到我就要见他。The second the bell rang,the students rushed out of the classroom
17、.铃一响，学生就冲出了教室。,5.hardly/scarcelywhen,no soonerthan这两个短语都表示刚就，可以互换，主句通常用去完成时，从句用一般过去时。He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick.他刚出发就想起家来。,注意：当hardly,scarcely,no sooner位于句子的开头时，主句须用倒装语序。,6.onceonce作连词时，也相当于as soon as，但它含有的条件意味更浓，它引导的从句较短。Once you begin,you must continue.一旦开了头，你就应当继续下去。Once y
18、ou see him,you will never forget him.你一旦见过他，就不会忘了他的。,7.next time,the first time,the last time,every time 等Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.下次你进城一定来看我们。He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。Every time I see him he looks miserable.我每次见到他，他都是一付痛苦的表情。The
19、 last time I spoke to Bob,he seemed happy enough.上一次我见到他时，他看上去很开心。,8.by the timeby the tine 也可以引导时间状语从句，意为到 时为止，主句一般要用完成时态。By the time he was fourteen,Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。(从句为一般过去时，主句要用过去完成时)I shall have finished my work by the time you return.
20、在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。(从句为一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时),二、条件状语从句 条件状语从句是表示主句动作发生的前提或条件的从句。条件状语从句分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句。引导条件状语从句的有if,unless,so/as long as,as so far as,on condition that,in case,suppose,supposing(that),provided(that),providing(that)等。条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。,1.if表示正面条件，意为如果。If you ask him,he w
21、ill help you.如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。,注意：if only和only if的对比。if only 解释但愿，要是就好了，表示一个不可能实现愿望，要用虚拟语气。only if 解释只有，等于only on condition that，从句用陈述语气。Only if you heat ice,it turns to water.只有当你给冰加热，它才会变成水。If only I knew!要是我知道该多好。,2.unlessunles
22、s 表示反面条件，意思是如果不、除非。I wont let you in unless you show me your pass.如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你进来。3.so long as,as long as,on condition that这几个短语意思差不多，都表示只要，条件是。As/So long as we dont lose heart,well find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我们灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。You may use the room on condition that so long as you cle
23、an it afterwards.只要你用完后打扫干净，你就可以使用这个房间。,4.in case万一，如果in case 既引导目的状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句，等于if it happens that。In case I forget,please remind me of my promise.如果我忘了，请提醒我所做的承诺。Send a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。,5.providing,provided that,supposing,suppose that,given that这几个短语意
24、思相近，有如果，只要，假如等意思。Given that they are inexperienced,theyve done a good job.考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作已做得很好了。(that可以省略)Provided/Providing（that）we invite him,he would surely come to dinner.假如我们邀请他的话，他肯定会来吃饭的。Suppose/Supposing we cant get enough food,what shall we do假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎幺办？（仅用于疑问句）,1.Small sailboats c
25、an easily turn over in the water _ they are not managed carefully.though B.before C.until D.if,2.In time of serious accidents,_ we know some basic things about first aid,we can save lives.(2006)A.whether B.untilC.if D.unless,3.Most birds find it safe to sleep in the trees,but _ they have eggs or you
26、ng chicks,they dont use a nest.(2007湖南)A.why B.how C.unless D.where,because直接原因,必不可少的原因，非推断，是整个句子的重点，语气最强回答whysince 通常放句首译为“既然，鉴于”主从句的时态一般相同。as 不谈自明的原因，语气最弱，多放于句首for不可用于句首，要放句中，引导后半句表原因，强调推理解释。,三.原因状语从句,1引导原因状语从句最常用的连词是 because,since,和as，所引导的从句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。其中 because语势最强，since次之，as又次之。,1.在强调句中强
27、调原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不可用as或since.,2.because可以引导表语从句,而as,since不可以，这时主语一般都是it,this,that,It was _ he was ill that he didnt go with us.,Its_ he is too lazy.,3.since往往表示的是已知的客观事实，或分析后的推理，引导的从句大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。,_you are here,you must do it.,because,用because,as,since 填空,because,Since,1.John didnt come to
28、school _ being ill yesterday.A.because of B.because C.since D.as2.-Mum,can I go out to play football with jessica?-No,you cant _ your homework is being done.A.before B.until C.as D.when3.These two areas are similar_ they both have a high rainfall during this season.A.to that B.besides that C.in that
29、 D.except that,2复合连词也可以引导原因状语从句，这些连词有：now(that),seeing(that),considering(that),for the reason that,by reason that,for fear that,in that等，如：,Now(that)(=Since)you mention it,I do remember.Now(=Since)the rain has stopped,lets start.Seeing(that)all the guests have arrived,lets have dinner.Considering th
30、at they are just beginners,they are doing quite a good job.,1.sothat 与suchthat 的区别,so+adj./adv.+thatso+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+thatso+many/much/few/little+名词+that,e.g.It is so hot that we cant sleep.,It is so interesting a book that she has read it twice.,such+a/an+adj.+单数可数名词+thatsuch+adj.+复数名词/不可数名词+that
31、such+a lot of/lots of+名词+that,It is such an interesting book that she has read it twice.,There was such delicious food that he had too much.,引导状语从句的连接词有so that/sothat/suchthat,四.结果状语从句,填空：1.He studied hard _ he passed the exam.2.He was _ angry _ he couldnt speak.3.There was _a lot of rain _ we could
32、nt go out.4.Its_ an interesting film _ we all want to see it.5.He had _many falls _ he was black and blue all over.6.I am going to the lecture early _ Ill get a good seat.,so that,so,that,such,such,that,so,that,so that,So that 引导结果状语从句表示实现的一件事或一个事实，从句谓语动词一般不和情态动词连用，且从句前多有逗号与主句分开。例如：She hurried,so th
33、at she caught the bus.(结果）She hurried so that she might catch the bus.（目的）,注意,五.让步状语从句,让步状语从句表示在某种相反的条件下，主句中的情况依然会出现。让步状语从句由although,though,however,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever,whenever,wherever,whether（是否）,no matter(who,wha,etc),even if,even though等词,Although 和though均可以引导主步状语从句，间为“虽然，尽管”但是al
34、though较though 正式，更多用于句首，though可用于句首、句中或句末。二者均不可以与but边用，但可以与副词yet,still,nevertheless等连用。Although(though)he was ill,(sill/yet)he went on working.,注意1,as引导让步状语从句时从句部分语序要部分倒装。其结构为：,Young as he is,he can read and write in several foreign languages.,Child as he was,he had to support the family.（表语名词提前并常省去
35、冠词）,n./adj./adv./v+as+主语谓语,注意2,2.while,whereas这两个词也可引导让步状语从句，突出主句和从句的对比。While I understand what you say,I cant agree with you.虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。Some people like fat meat,whereas others hate it.有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。,3.whether.or(not).whether.or(not).意思是不管还是。Whether you believe it or not,its true.不管你信不信，
36、这是真的。Whether the weather is good or bad,they will set off as planned.不管天气是好还是坏，他们都要按计划启程。提示：也可直接用or来连接两个相同结构来表示让步。Walking or sleeping,she always has the question in her mind.无论走路还是睡觉，她总是想着这个问题。,1.There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely,_ she was an only child.A.ever since B.now that C.even
37、though D.even as2._ you like it or not,you will have to give up smoking.A.If B.Whether C.How D.Why3.You should try to get a good nights sleep _ much work you have to do.A.however B.no matter C.although D.whatever4.You can eat food free in my restaurant _ you like.A.Whenever B.wherever C.whatever D.h
38、owever,六、地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where,wherever（where的强势语）和everywhere，anywhere等引导，是表示空间关系的状语从句。1wherewhere 在地方，去地方Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。I found my books where I had left them.我的书在我原来放的地方找到了。Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里wh
39、ere引导的从句不是定语从句),引导词：where：在地方，去地方Wherever：在任何地方，无论哪里Ill go wherever he goes.Ill go where he went.everywhereEverywhere they went,they were kindly received.他们每到一处都受到了友好的接待。,我要去他去的地方.,他去哪我就去哪.,注意：在地点状语从句之前，不要使用介词。【误】You should put the book at where it was.【正】You should put the book where it was.你应该把书放在
40、原来的地方。【误】We should go to where we are needed most.【正】We should go where we are needed most.我们应该到最需要我们的地方去。,地点状语从句与定语从句的区别1.-Where do you plan to work?-Ive made up my mind to go _Im most needed.A.to the place B.to which C.that D.where2.I will go to a country for a holiday _ there are a lot of flowers
41、 and trees.A.in the place B.where C.which D.wherever辨析:Go back where you came from.Go back to the village where you came from.,七.目的状语从句引导词：so，so that，in order that，that，in case，for fear that，lest(唯恐，以免，为不使）等。其谓语动词常与情态动词can，could，may，might，should，would连用。1.Id like to arrive 20 minutes early_ I can ha
42、ve time for a cup of tea.A.as soon as B.as a result C.in case D.so that2.John may phone tonight.I dont want to go out _he phones.A.as long as B.in order that C.in case D.so that,The Shanghaiese are making great efforts to beautify the city_ more overseas companies will come.A.in order that B.so as t
43、o C.so long as D.on condition that,He studied hard to the end that he might pass the entrance examination.Take your raincoat in case it rains.He left early in case he should miss the last train.I dare not go there for fear that he might see me.,八.方式状语从句引导词 1：as，(象.一样,正如,按照),as if/as though(好象,宛如)You
44、 must do the exercises as I show you.注意1：as,just as 这两个连词的意思是如，正如一样。just as 比as 语气要强一些。Leave things as they are.让一切顺其自然。Please do as you are told.请按照人家告诉你做的去做。也可说Please do as told.）Balloons float in the air just as boats do on the sea.Leave it as it is.He stated the facts as they were.He is,as it we
45、re,a walking dictionary.,事实上,按现在的样子,按原样子,插入语,仿佛,好象,注意2,2在非正式文体或口语中，也可用 the way(that)(=as=in the way in which),how,like等来引导，如：Jean doesnt do it the way I do.She is doing her work the way I like it done.You can do the job how you like.The landlord was watching him like(=just as)a cat watches a mouse.D
46、o you make bread like you make cakes?,九.比较状语从句引导词:as.as(和一样),not as/soas(不如),than(比),the morethe more(越越).这种从句常采用省略句的句型，如：He looks younger than he is./He is as old as I am.He worked as fast as a skilled worker.The project was completed earlier than we had expected.He is as young as you(are young).Pl
47、ease come as soon as(it is)possible.区别：We know you better than he(knows you).We know you better than(we know)him.,thethe 句型也是比较状语从句的一种，例如：The harder we work,the better we shall serve the people.其中the 为连接副词，既起连接作用，又修饰后面的副词。注意省略：The sooner he comes,the better(it will be).The higher the ground(is),the
48、cooler the air(will be).,注意,状语从句中的省略现象,Once _seen,the film can never be forgotten.,If _invited,I will go to the party.,She stood at the school gate as if _waiting for someone.,(it is),(I am),(she was),When _necessary,I will buy a TV set.,If _ possible,youd better come tomorrow.,(it is),(it is),-I he
49、ar Johnson was badly injured in the accident.-_,lets go and see him.A.Whats more B.If so C.Where possible D.When necessary,2008年高考真题1、(08全国卷I31)Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?I dont mind where we get _ theres sun,sea and beach.A.as if B.as long as C.now that D.in order that2、(08全国卷I32
50、)The weather was _ cold that I didnt like to leave my room.A.really B.such C.too D.so3、(08全国卷II07)A small car is big enough for a family of three _ you need more space for baggage.A.once B.because C.if D.unless,4、(08北京卷23)Did you return Freds call?I didnt need to _ Ill see him tomorrow.A.though B.un
