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1、LOI 采购意向书格式LOI 采购意向书格式 LETTER OF INTENT (LOI) We,_, hereby that we are ready willing and able under the act of perjury to purchase the following commodity as specified below and that funding is available. PRODUCT: SPECIFICATIONS: QUANTITY: DESTINATION PORT: DELIVERY TERMS: SIZE OF SHIPMENT: PACKING:
2、 DISCHARGE RATE IN PORT DESTINATION: TERMS OF PAYMENT: PERFORMANCE BOND: BANK COORDINATES: TARGET PRICE: COMPANY DETAILS 索 消费维权 |劳动合同 | 司法考试 | 公司上市 购物车阁 英文合同解读:语用、条款及文本范例(Language and Usage)章英文合同概述ral Introductioniew of all this,we are making a binding agreement, putting it in writing, and our leade
3、rs,our Levitepriests are affixing their seals to it.hemiah 9:38, BIBLE NIV）一切的事，我们立确实的约，写在册上。我们的首领，利未人，和祭司都签了名。西米记9:38,圣经新国际版)章英文合同概述rstanding English Contracts合同解读：语用、条款及文本范例，古称契约（港台现仍多用此语）。“契”者即证券，证明买卖、抵押、租赁等关系的文书，如契据、房契等。古此语，如易系辞就有“后时圣人易之以书契”。“约”者即共同商定的事，共同议定要遵守的条文，如和约三国演义中就有“昔高祖约法三章，黎民皆感其德”。早在圣经
4、中就有关于上帝在西乃山与以色列人立约的记载。诺亚方舟就是借上帝与诺亚的契约而建造的。But ll I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and wives with thee.thee在古英语里表示you 的宾格形式。thou在古英语里表示you的主格形式，相当于汉语中的汝y则是thou的所有格形式。shalt为古英语用法，相当于现代英语中的shall。 （但我要与你立约，你以及你的儿儿媳，要与你一同进入方舟。）节合同与协议（Contract an
5、d Agreement）代英语合同中，合同一般称为contract，协议一般称为agreement。那么contract和agreement是一回事吗？它们么关系呢？中华人民共和国民法通则第85条规定：“合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。”t shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship.共和国合同法第2条规定：“合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关（Contracts referred to i
6、n this Law are agreements between equal natural persons, legal persons and oations for the purpose of establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations国法律重述合同法第二次汇编(Restatement（Second） of Contracts, Section 1)将合同定义为：“A contract , or a set of promises, for breach of which the
7、 law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the way recognizes as a duty.” （合同乃为一个允诺或一组允诺。违反此一允诺时，法律给予救济；或其允诺之履某些情况下视之为一项义务。）这一定义亦为Steven H. Gifts 所编著的Law Dictionary完全引述。但一般而言乃两个以上当事人间具有法律约束力之协议，或由一个以上当事人所为一组具有法律约束力之允诺。（A contract binding agreement between two or more parties or a set of legal
8、binding promises made by one party G. C. Lindsay, Contract, 3rd Ed. 1992)。这一表述在L.B. Curzon编撰的Dictionary of Law中被概括为“Anding agreement creating enforceable obligations”。 Chris Turner在其编撰的Contract Law中对contrac更为具体明了。他认为“合同”就是“an agreement between two parties by which both are bound in law an therefore
9、be enforced in a court or other equivalent forum”。（对合同方具有法律上约束力，可由法院或辖地强制执行的协议。）lacks Law Dictionary（8th Ed.）中对contract 的定义多达8项：）An agreement two or more parties creating obligations that are enforceable or otherwise recognizabl）The writing that set forth such an agreement;）A promise, or a set of pr
10、omises, for breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of w in some way recognizes as a duty；（作者注：与美国法律重述合同法第二次汇编中“contract”的定义相）Broadly, any legal duty or set of duties not imposed by the law of tort; esp., a duty created by a eclaration of a court;）The body of law dealing with agre
11、ement and exchange;）The term of an agreement or any particular term;）Loosely, a sale or conveyance;）Loosely, an enforceable agreement between two or more parties to do or not to do a thing or a set o compact.agreement，L.B. Curzon的Dictionary of Law将其定义为：“A consensus of minds, or evidence of such cn s
12、poken or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”（是对已做和待做的有关事宜以口头出的相同意思表示或该意思表示的证据。）ks Law Dictionary（8th Ed.） 对agreement下了两个定义：（1）A mutual understanding between two or about their relative duties and obligations regarding past or future performances; a manifestation ssent by two or m
13、ore persons. （双方或多方就过去或将来的相关职责和义务的履行而达成相互的理解；双方或一致的表现形式。）（2）The Parties actual bargain as found in their language or by implication frcumstances, including course of dealing, usage of trade and course of performance.（即当事人通过语言示而确立的实际约定，包括交易常例、贸易习惯以及履行惯例。）ract(合同)和Agreement(协议)到底能不能相互替换呢？让我们来看看英文合同相关书
14、籍和词典的说法。s Turner在其编撰的Contract Law中将合同的成立表述为三个基本要素，即：（1）Agreementbased on mutuae terms, agreement exists when a valid acceptance follows a valid offer; （协议：基于要约与承诺形成对一致而存在；）（2）Considerationgiven by both sides, the quid pro quo拉丁语，即 What for What, 相报酬；交换条件；对价。, and the proof that the bargain exists; （
15、约因：双方付出的对价及对价存在的证据ntention to create legal relationssince a contract is legally enforceable, unlike mere gratuitous 设立法律关系的意愿：合同具有法律上的执行力，不同于纯粹的无偿赠与的允诺。）也是用agreement来解释contract的，认为合同是一种符合一定条件的协议。语法律用语中虽然多用agreement来解释contract，其实也有偶用contract解释agreement的情形，如：Agreem2) A contract (The Law Dictionary)。我们
16、甚至可以找到agreement和contract在同一句中交替使用的实例。如tract contains an innocent mistake, you can get out of the agreement if the mistake is important.WhaKnow About Contracts, The State Bar of California, 2nd Ed. 1984.ks Law Dictionary（8th Ed.）对agreement和contract 的关系做出了精辟的阐述，指出“每一份合同均是一是并非每一份协议均构成一份合同”。（Every contr
17、act is an agreement, but not every agreement is a cont进一步指出：“协议一词，就口语意义而言，包括意在影响两人或者多人间相互关系而作出的任何安排，无论该等系还是其他关系。”In its colloquial sense, the term “agreement” would include any arrangement betmore persons intended to affect their relations (whether legal or otherwise) to each other.所述，我们不难看出，汉语的法律用语
18、仅用agreement解释contract，而英语的法律用语往往不很严格，多用agrcontract, 但也有用contract解释agreement的情形, 虽说大多情况contract与agreement有所区别，有时候两同义词互换使用。可以说contract都是协议，但协议不一定就是contract。但就广义的协议和合同来讲，还是有区从成立的宗旨上看，协议十分宽泛，不囿于为了当事人间形成法律或其他关系，即便是为影响当事人的义务也未必上的合同关系，如不动产转让或动产赠与。从内容、条款上看，合同较为具体、详尽，着眼于微观；而协议则较为原则、粗疏，致力于宏观。实践中往往合作达成协议对有关原则问
19、题做出约定，然后在此基础上签订合同，再全面明确各项具体的细节。从涉及范围上看，合同的标的往往比较单一集中，也很明确，通常都是一事一议，就事论事；而协议的标的往往比较型项目的协议往往包括或分解成若干个具体的合同。从书写格式上看，合同已基本格式化了，大家可以看到许多的合同模板；而协议的格式相对灵活一些，没有什么固的协议则和合同并无分别，只是用语上和习惯上的称呼而已。节合同的种类与名称（Categories and Titles）英文法律文件到底是不是英文合同, 就要看它的内容是否符合合同的要求。一般而言，合同不外乎包括人、事、时要素，也就是4W1H (Who, When, Where，What,
20、How)，如果你手上的文件内容包括了这五项要素而且签署生效，该具有了合同的性质，而不论它是以何面目出现的。常见的英文合同名称可分为以下四大类：合同、协议（Contract，Agreement）名称直接标明Contract或Agreement是最常见的英文合同。中华人民共和国合同法第九章至第二十三章就合同括，它们分别是买卖合同（Sales and Purchase Contracts）；供用电、水、气、热力合同（Contracts for SupplWater, Gas and Heat）；赠与合同（Gift Contracts）；借款合同（Loan Contracts）；租赁合同（Lease
21、Contra赁合同（LeaseFinance Contracts）；承揽合同（Contracts for Work）；建设工程合同（Construction Projts）；运输合同（Contracts of Carriage）；技术合同（Technology Contracts）；保管合同（Deposit Contrac同（Warehousing Contracts）；委托合同（Mandate Contracts）；行纪合同（Commission Agency Contracts）；Brokerage Contracts）等十五大类。的协议有委托代理协议（Agency Agreement）、
22、合伙协议（Partnership Agreement）、股份转让协议（Shares Puement）、保密协议（Confidentiality Agreement）、竞业禁止协议（Noncompetition Agreement）、聘用协议nt Agreement）等。意向书（Letter of Intent）文件名称标为“Letter of Intent”（简称LOI，通常翻译为“意向书”）、“Memorandum of Understanding”(常翻译为“谅解备忘录”)，甚至只称为“Memorandum”（简称Memo，通常称之为“备忘录”）。另外，也有标为Talks”(会谈纪要)的文
23、件。法律文件往往是当事人双方在商洽合作中形成的，可以称之为准合同文件(quasicontract)。这些准合同文件从不是合同或者协议，但如果经当事人签订，即具有一定的法律约束力，甚至当事人会在没有形成正式的合同或协议据这些准合同文件进行实质性合作，从而赋予这些文件合同或协议的性质。由此可见，合同的效力不能被其名称所述法律文件完整明确地记载了交易的条款，且当事人依据该条款内容履行并达成交易目的，那么这些法律文件就应方达成的合同或者协议。契约（Covenant, Indenture, Deed, Compact，Protocol）nant主要指不动产转让的合同或证明文件。英文合同如果基于传统英美法
24、对价的存在，也会使用这个词来表示双方。如：In consideration of mutual premises and covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree anture为契约、契据，corporate indenture 则指公司发行债券的契约文件。（契据）为签名后盖上印章的书面合约。在合同法中，对价是一个有效合约的必备元素。但若该合约以契据形式签足对价要求。act多用于国家间的协议、协定。例如，联合国的全球协定（Global Compact）。ocol通常翻译为草约或者议定书，往往也是双方会谈结果的文字依据。经双方签字后
25、，即受其约束，对草约内容承，如果需要补充、修改、完善，双方还会签订补充的协议。如我们耳熟能详的中国加入世界贸易组织的议定书on the Accession of China）。其他书函（Letter， Waiver， Guaranty， Power of Attorney）合同有时候非常简短，形式上就像信函一样，姑且称之为书函类的英文合同，常常用“Letter”（函）、“Waiver、“Guaranty”（保证书）和“Power of Attorney”（委托书）等简单明确的字眼作为合同的名称。相对于Agretract，书函类的合同一般具有补充或附属的性质，且经常出现在Agreement或Co
26、ntract的附件中。当然书函类的事人也有完全的拘束力。撰写的方式，是针对名称为“Agreement”（狭义）或“Contract”类型的合同文件做阅读方法的说明，其原因即在的合同结构复杂而内容完整，读者若能掌握阅读此类合同的要领，阅读其他类型的英文合同时自然就驾轻就熟了。章英文合同的特色ures of English Contractsfollows function.to of the Bauhaus school of architecture)服从功能。豪斯建筑学院校训)章英文合同的特色础英语相比，作为专业性极强的语言，英文合同的用语不同于日常语言，具有显著的特点。首先，句子冗长而且复
27、找不到句号，用词偏僻，晦涩难读，不易理解。其次，英文合同中往往沿用拉丁语、法语的法律术语，像中文的文实是佶屈聱牙，令人痛苦不堪。再次，由于属于专业英语的范畴，英文合同必然涉及法律方面理解，阅读者除了语外，对于法律，尤其是英美法应具备一定的了解。毋庸多言，需要相应的专业知识，这是所有专业英语的共性。 就是Plain English CampaignPlain English Compaign系由Chrissie Maher女士于1979年在英国发起设立的民间致力于政府公文等所谓的官样文章（gobbledygook）的直白化，以便普通民众明白易懂。（直白英语运动组织）所英文合同的句子，有兴趣的读者
28、不妨看看到底是什么意思：he event that the Purchaser defaults in the payment of any installment of purchase price, taxes, inserest, or the annual charge described elsewhere herein, or shall default in the performance of any ogations set forth in this Contract, the Seller may: at his option: (a) Declare immediate
29、ly due and pentire unpaid balance of purchase price, with accrued interest, taxes, and annual charge, and demandent thereof, and enforce conveyance of the land by termination of the contract or according to the tof, in which case the Purchaser shall also be liable to the Seller for reasonable attorn
30、eys fees s rendered by any attorney on behalf of the Seller, or (b) sell said land and premises or any part tublic auction, in such manner, at such time and place, upon such terms and conditions, and upon suchice as the Seller may deem best for the interest of all concerned, consisting of advertisem
31、ent in a f general circulation in the county or city in which the security property is located at least once Three successive weeks or for such period as applicable law may require and, in case of default of ar, to resell with such postponement of sale or resale and upon such public notice thereof a
32、s the determine, and upon compliance by the Purchaser with the terms of sale, and upon judicial approval aequired by law, convey said land and premises in fee simple to and at the cost of the Purchaser, whobe liable to see to the application of the purchase money; and from the proceeds of the sale:F
33、IRST， proper costs and charges, including but not limited to court costs, advertising expenses, auctioneewance, the expenses, if any required to correct any irregularity in the title, premium for Selleritors fee, attorneys fee, and all other expenses of sale occurred in and about the protection on o
34、f this contract, and all moneys advanced for taxes, assessments, insurance, and with interest throvided herein, and all taxes due upon said land and premises at time of sale, and to retain as compcommission of five percent (5%) on the amount of said sale or sales; SECOND, to pay the whole amountinin
35、g unpaid of the principal of said contract, and interest thereon to date of payment, whether thel be due or not, it being understood and agreed that upon such sale before maturity of the contract thereof shall be immediately due and payable; THIRD, to pay liens of record against the security prrding
36、 to their priority of lien and to the extent that funds remaining in the hands of the Seller ar; and LAST, to pay the remainder of said proceeds, if any, to the vendor, his heirs, personals repre successors or assigns upon the delivery and surrender to the vendee of possession of the land and pss co
37、sts and excess of obtaining possession.Plain English Campaign几十年来一直致力于各种公文的直白英语化，而反对各种官样文章（gobbledygook）。1布实施的消费者不公平术语法（Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations）也要求消费者合同的术语必的语言（plain and intelligible language）。该法还要求这些术语必须是易读的，意味着要用清晰的设计和排印sign and typography）。类似的法律也在欧盟的国家适用。国，纽约州率先颁行直白语言法要求消费者
38、合同（包括房屋租赁合同）的语言“clear and coherent”，其他各州的法律，如宾夕法尼亚州就要求消费者合同“shall be written and organized and designated so that they aread and understand”。如此，Law Dictionary的作者Steven H. Gifts先生在该词典的前言还是感叹道：“.the special language ofains a barrier to nonlawyers. To the extent that this promotes the economic health o
39、f the profession its aura, and prevent unauthorized practice of the law, it may be regarded as a virtue.”大意是说，对律师以外的人士来讲，仍然是一道壁垒。从促进行业经济的健康发展、保留行业特点和防止未经授权进行律师执，可以把这种语言壁垒看做是一种行业优势。大陆法系的非英语国家，面对加入WTO后全球经济一体化的严峻挑战，中国应该怎样应对各类国际交往和国际贸易英文法律文件呢？尽管Plain English（直白英语）似乎是大势所趋，但法律英语直白化不是一蹴而就的事情，即普法工作，法律语言也不是普
40、罗大众所能轻易理解和运用的。所以，与其坐而论道法律英语直白化，不如行而学习格式和用语，在这个意义上，拿来主义是必需的。不通晓现行广泛使用的英语合同，何谈取其精华，去其糟粕，何况对其进行革新与发展，化为己用呢？针对英文合同的特色，拟从篇章结构、遣词用语、句式结构以及时态语态四大方面进行说明：节篇章结构特点（Text Structure）完整的英文合同通常可以分为标题（Title）、前言(Preamble)、正文(Habendum)、附录(Schedule)及证明部分即结tion)五大部分。标题开宗明义地显示合同的性质；前言用最简单的说明大略介绍合同订立的背景；正文里包括依各的不同而约定的具体条款
41、，还包括不论何种类型合同都会出现的一般条款；附录构成对前述合同正文条款的必要补合同都有该部分）；最后，结尾则是当事人签名前的一段文字，为整份合同画上完满的句号。以下分别就此五部分合同的标题（Title）英文合同和中文合同都一样，标题并不是一定要有的，因为当事人间的法律关系是用合同(year), by and between:(hereinafter refes the “Company”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of, with its refice located at, and (
42、hereinafter referred to as the “Employee”), an individual, with nationality No.) residing at.用协议于年月日签订，双方当事人为：依州法律组织设立并存续的公司 (以下简称本公司) ， 注册地位于，与国籍:)(以下简称雇员), 居住于。y and between合同是由哪些当事人所订定。英文中通常会说“This Agreement is made by and between.”，用“by”来表示，“between”来表示谁与谁之间的订立。如果当事人不止两个，也可以用“by and among”来代替。rg
43、anized and existing开场白里要说明当事人的国籍，在自然人的情况下可以用“a national of .”或“an individual with the naf .”来表示，如果是法人组织多半使用“organized and existing under the laws of .”这样的字眼，其中d”也可以用“incorporated”来代替。egistered officegistered office”是指一个公司的注册所在地，它和“principal office” 或“principal place of business”并不一定位于同一个地方。部分叫做“Reci
44、tals”，是由数个以“Whereas”字样开头的句子所组合而成，这些句子俗称为“Whereas Clauses）。 “Whereas”的本义是“When in fact”、“considering that”或“that being the case”的意思，所以“auses”就表示当事人乃是基于对这些事实（例如订约的目的、背景、原由等）的共同认识，订立此合同。以下是一合同（Compensation Trade Contract）的Whereas Clauses，简单明了地表达了双方合作的意愿。ESSETHeas Party B has machines and equipment, whi
45、ch are now used in Party Bs manufacturing of steel wir is willing to sell to Party A the machines and equipment; andeas Party B agrees to buy the products, steel wire rope, made by Party A using the machines and equiy B supplies, in compensation of the price of the machines and equipment, andeas Par
46、ty A agrees to purchase from Party B the machines and equipment, andeas Party A agrees to sell to Party B the products, the steel wire rope, in compensation of the pricy Bs machines and equipment;明(通常不译)乙方拥有用于生产钢丝绳的机械设备，愿向甲方出售该机械设备；乙方同意购买甲方用乙方所供应的该机械设备生产的产品钢丝绳来补偿该机械设备的价款；甲方同意从乙方购买该机械设备；甲方同意向乙方出售产品钢丝
47、绳以补偿乙方机械设备的价款；在一串Whereas Clauses之后，会出现类似上例中的“Now therefore, in consideration对价/约因（港台多用此语这样一句话，表明合同是有偿合同，目的在提醒阅读合同的人，真正规范订约当事人权利义务关系的条款在这句话了，也就是说，这句话是前言与正文之间过渡的桥梁，在此之前为订约背景事实的叙述，在此之后则为关于交易关（一般称为“operative part/clauses”）。：Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinaf
48、ter, Party A and Pree as follows：.上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：正文(Hanbendum/Operative part)正文(Hanbendum) 部分, 也称Operative part/clauses或Body, 具体约定当事人的权利义务。各式各样的正文条核心的部分，也是篇幅最大的部分，与当事人的权利义务关系发生最直接、最密切的牵连。本书拟将英文合同中的正文条款分为两类：特殊条款与一般条款。所谓特殊条款指的是只有在某些特定性质的合同条款，例如劳动合同中通常会约定保密条款、竞业禁止条款，但是买卖合同就不会有这些约定。反过来说，买卖合载交易标的、交易条件等条款，在劳动合同中就不会出现。于特殊条款的所谓一般条款，指的是不论合同性质如何，几乎所有的合同中都会记载的条款，例如管辖法院的约定，将于第四章中详细介绍，在此亦不赘述。附录（Schedule）也称Addendum, Annex或Exhibit，也有用Attach
