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1、本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：The fire safety design of apartment buildings文献、资料来源：著作文献、资料出版日期：2001院 （部）： 市政与环境工程学院专 业： 给水排水工程班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2008.6外文文献：THE FIRE SAFETY DESIGN OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS13 FIRE SAFETY MATRIXThe objective of this fire safety matrix is to provide a guide for the fire eng
2、ineering design of apartment buildings. The matrix is only intended for guidance and an appropriately qualified fire safety engineer should verify the final design. The three main fire scenarios that should be considered in the design of apartment buildings are: a smouldering fire in an apartment, a
3、 flaming fire in an apartment and a fire in common spaces (ie stairs and corridors). Irrespective of the building and occupant characteristics, some minimal fire safety measures should be implemented in all apartments. The following is a list of essential fire safety measures that should be provided
4、 in all apartment buildings:1 Smoke detectors2 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system to shut down on fire alarm3 A 30-minute minimum fire resistance between apartments, vertical shafts and floors.13.1 Emergency strategyBrief descriptions of the emergency strategy, or emergency plan
5、s used in the matrix are provided below.1 Evacuation on alarm all occupants evacuate the building.2 Non evacuation occupants in the room of fire origin evacuate the building. Other occupants remain in their rooms, waiting for fire brigade assistance and advice, and carry out protect-in-place activit
6、ies.3 Staged evacuation occupants in the room of fire origin and on the fire floor evacuate first. The remaining occupants are directed to evacuate automatically in the following sequence until the fire brigade intervenes. Occupants immediately above the fire floor evacuate after those on the fire f
7、loor, followed by the floors above. Occupants on levels below the fire floor are evacuated last.Fire brigade intervention can alter the sequence of evacuation, or halt the evacuation in response to current conditions or any changes.13.2 Occupants at riskFor the three fire scenarios and the three eme
8、rgency strategies, the following matrix outlines the occupants that are most at risk.13.3 Matrix variablesThe fire safety design of apartment buildings consists of numerous variables and interdependencies. These variables have to be considered concurrently to provide the most effective design.The se
9、lection of fire safety measures in many cases results in a trade-off between various alternatives. For example, sprinkler protection can permit a reduction in fire resistance rating required for buildings and may allow extended travel distances. These trade-offs and interrelationships between fire s
10、afety measures need to be considered to obtain the most efficient and effective fire safety design.Table 14 lists some of the fire safety measures that should be considered for apartment buildings. The variables presented are not a comprehensive list, and other fire safety measures may be more appro
11、priate for more complex designs.Table 14 Matrix variables13.4 Buildings greater than 25mThe fire safety matrix for buildings greater than 25m high is presented in Table 15. The matrix provides the recommended fire safety measures for apartment buildings with respect to sprinkler protection and the e
12、mergency strategy. The matrix provides a simple method of determining some of the minimum fire safety requirements of an apartment building. It can also be used to evaluate which type of emergency strategy would be most effective, or when sprinklers would be beneficial given certain building conditi
13、ons. The justification of the recommended fire safety measures is pvided in Section 14.1.Table 15 Fire safety matrix: buildings greater than 25mthe above matrix are designed to provide at least two levels of protection for the occupants. As the building height increases, the number of fire protectio
14、n measures also increases to provide additional levels of protection and maintain the level of safety for the occupants.Table 16 summarises the occupants who are most at risk and the levels of fire safety provided by the above fire safety matrix. Table 17 provides the cell key for identifying the de
15、signated cells in Table 16. This key remains the same for all cases presented.Table 16 Levels of fire safety (buildings greater than 25m)Table 17 Cell key13.5 Buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25mThe fire safety matrix for buildings greater than three stories and less than 25m high
16、is presented in Table 18. The justification of the recommended fire safety measures is provided in Section 14.2.Table 18 Fire safety matrix: buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25mTable 19 Levels of fire safety (buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m)13.6 Buildings les
17、s than three storeysThe fire safety matrix for buildings less than three stories is presented in Table 20. The justification of the recommended fire safety measures is provided in Section 14.3.Table 20 Fire safety matrix: buildings less than three storeysTable 21 Levels of fire safety (buildings les
18、s than three storeys)14 DISCUSSION OF FIRE SAFETY MATRIXThe fire safety matrix considers the building height, sprinkler protection and the emergency strategy as the primary variables. This is due to the high influence that the interactions of these variables have on other fire safety measures. In ad
19、dition to this, the fire engineer can specify the emergency strategy and sprinkler protection for the building that will provide flexibility to the matrix. Therefore once the extent of these three variables has been determined the remaining fire safety systems can be selected to suit the building.Th
20、e objective of the fire safety recommendations is to address key issues that result from a given set of building characteristics, while providing multiple levels of protection for occupants in the event of a fire. This provides a backup or redundancy in the design in the event of one part of the sys
21、tem failing. For example, if the sprinkler system fails the occupants will be protected with passive protection and smoke control systems.The following sections discuss the three building height limits with respect to the fire safety measures that have been recommended. The staged evacuation strateg
22、y has not been discussed separately as it is a combination of the other two strategies and the same fundamental principles apply.14.1 Buildings greater than 25m in height.Once buildings exceed 25m in height, the ability of the fire brigade to rescue occupants externally becomes limited. Therefore, a
23、 higher level of fire safety needs to be provided to the stairs and escape paths. Emergency lifts are also considered an option to provide rapid access for the fire brigade and egress for disabled occupants.As buildings become taller the level of fire protection needs to increase. This is due to:1 F
24、urther travel distances, resulting in a higher chance of exposure to fire and fireproducts, and longer exposure time.2 The reduced ability of the fire brigade to rescue people externally3 The increased time for the fire brigade to reach upper levels4 More occupants, resulting in a higher risk of inj
25、ury and deaths5 There is a greater variability in occupant abilities and human behaviour, due tothe greater number of occupants5 There are more sources of ignition and fire14.1.1 Evacuation in buildings greater than 25mAn evacuation strategy relies on the protection of egress paths, as well as the p
26、rotection of occupants in their apartments before evacuation. The protection of egress paths is critical to ensure occupants are not evacuating through untenable conditions. In buildings greater than 25m high, egress distances can be consider able and therefore, the time occupants spend in escape pa
27、ths can be significant.In a sprinkler protected building, protection is provided by:1. The sprinkler system. The sprinklers will activate and extinguish or control the fire, reducing the threat to occupants.2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. Rooms, corridors and stair shafts are recommended
28、 to have a FRR of at least 30 minutes. This will contain the fire in the room of origin and protect occupants before and during egress. Self-closers provided on doors are to ensure the fire does not spread to the corridor. The stairs are to be pressurised to limit smoke spread, provide a partial saf
29、e egress paths and provide a smoke free area for the fire brigade.3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The fire brigades role would be to assist any remaining occupants and extinguish the fire. A connection n to the fire brigade will be provided to achieve a faster response. In a no
30、n-sprinkler protected building the systems of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above,however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection:1. An increased FRR to 60 minutes minimum. This is to provide additional time for occupant evacuation and fire
31、 brigade intervention. If occupants choose to stay in their apartments the increased FRR will provide a higher level of protection.2. Connection to the fire brigade. To ensure a faster response by the brigade to a fire.3. Emergency lifts to aid egress and fire brigade access4. Zoned smoke control sy
32、stem. This is to ensure smoke spread through the building is minimised. This should include stair and corridor pressurisation to reduce the chance of smoke spread into the escape paths.5. Lift and stair lobbies to provide an additional barrier against smoke and an area where occupants can wait for l
33、ifts or further instructions. These areas can be used as refuge areas or other pressurised refuge areas should be provided.6. Emergency warning and intercommunication system. This will allow occupants to communicate with the fire brigade and inform them if assistance is required.7. Additional protec
34、ted stairs or reduced travel distances, as a trade-off for the limited ability of the fire brigade to externally rescue occupants.14.1.2 Non-evacuation in buildings greater than 25mA non-evacuation strategy relies on the protection of the occupants in their apartments. There is a greater reliance on
35、 the fire brigade to extinguish the fire and assist occupants, if evacuation is necessary, during and after the fire is extinguished.In a sprinkler protected building, protection is provided by:1. The sprinkler system.2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The rooms are recommended to have a FR
36、R of at least 60 minutes and to protect the occupants. The fire resistance rating should be designed so complete burn out of the apartment will not result in further fire spread. Self-closers and smoke seals should be provided on all doors opening into corridors. This is to contain the fire in the a
37、partment of origin and reduce smoke spread to other apartments. In theory, there will be at least two doors with smoke seals between the fire and occupants.3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The building alarm should be connected to the fire brigade to reduce the response time. In
38、 a non-sprinkler protected building the systems of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above, however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection:1. Increase FRR to 90 minutes (minimum). This is to ensure complete burnout occurs before further fire s
39、pread.2. Emergency lifts to aid egress and fire brigade access3. Lift and stair lobbies to provide protection for the fire brigade, or areas of refuge if occupants choose to escape.4. Stair pressurisation to provide a smoke free path for the fire brigade5. Emergency warning and intercommunication sy
40、stem. This will allow occupants to communicate with the fire brigade and inform them of any assistance that is required. It will also provide a means for the fire brigade to instruct the occupants.14.2 Buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25mBuildings that are greater than three storey
41、s and less than 25m, have different fire safety issues than buildings greater than 25m. The most notable of these is the fire brigade is able to rescue occupants and fight the fire externally, provided adequate access is provided and a window exists. The travel distances are also reduced, decreasing
42、 the time for occupants to evacuate and the fire brigade to reach the fire.The transfer of information may also increase, as occupants are relatively closer together.This increases their ability to communicate with other occupants and to perceive visual and audible cues.14.2.1 Evacuation in building
43、s greater than three storeys and less than 25mThis emergency strategy relies on the protection of the egress paths as well as the protection of the occupants in their compartments before they evacuate. The protection of the egress paths is critical to ensure occupants are not evacuating through unte
44、nable conditions. Egress travel distances are less and therefore, the duration of occupant exposure to smoke is reduced.In a sprinkler protected building, protection is provided by:1. The sprinkler system.2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The apartments, corridors and stair shafts are reco
45、mmended to have a FRR of at least 30 minutes. This will protect occupants before and during egress. Self-closers and smoke seals should be provided on all escape path doors.3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade.In a non-sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are 2 and 3
46、, however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection:1. Increase FRR to at least 60 minutes to allow the complete burn out of the apartment without fire spread into the corridors or adjacent rooms.2. Self-closers on doors to contain the fire and s
47、moke spread.3. Refuge areas in stairs for disabled occupants.4. Stair lobbies to provide two smoke and fire barriers for occupants in the stairrefuge areas.14.2.2 Non evacuation in buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25mA non-evacuation strategy relies on protection of occupants in th
48、eir apartments. There is a greater reliance on the fire brigade to extinguish the fire and assist in the evacuation after the fire is extinguished. The fire brigade can rescue occupants externally via ladders and fight the fire externally.In a sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are:1. The sprinkler system.2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The rooms will have a recommended FRR of at least 60 minutes to protect the occupants. The fire resistance rating should be designed so that the complete burn out of the apartment will not result in further fire spread. Sel
