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1、U.S. Missions Apollo Landing Missions o Apollo: Expeditions to the Moon o Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft o Prologue o Spacecraft, Suits, and Rovers o Precursors to the Landing Missions o Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 13, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17 o Epilogue

2、: When might we go back to the Moon? o Apollo Lunar Surface Journal Robotic Spacecraft o Mariner Missions Mariner 2, Mariner 4, Mariner 5, Mariner 6 & 7, Mariner 9, Mariner 10 o Ranger to the Moon (1964 - 1965) Ranger 7, Ranger 8, Ranger 9 o Lunar Orbiter (1966-1967) Lunar Orbiter 1, Lunar Orbiter 2

3、, Lunar Orbiter 3, Lunar Orbiter 4, Lunar Orbiter 5 o Surveyor o Pioneer 10 & 11 o Viking Project Viking Fact Sheet o Voyager The Voyager Planetary Mission Voyager Jupiter Science Summary Voyager Saturn Science Summary Voyager Neptune Science Summary Voyager Uranus Science Summary o Solar Maximum Mi

4、ssion o Magellan o Galileo o Clementine to the Moon o NEAR o Mars Global Surveyor o Mars Pathfinder Spacecraft o Mars Pathfinder Rover o Cassini/Huygens Cassini Fact Sheet o Lunar Prospector o IMAGE o Deep Space 1 o Mars Climate Orbiter o Mars Polar Lander o Deep Space 2 o Stardust o 2001 Mars Odyss

5、ey o Mars Exploration Rovers Mars Spirit Rover Mars Opportunity Rover o New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby o MESSENGER o Phoenix Mars Lander o Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter o Dawn USSR/Russia Missions Luna Mission Summaries, 1959 - 1976 o Luna 2, Luna 3, Luna 9, Luna 10, Luna 11, Luna 12, Luna 13,

6、Luna 14, Luna 16, Luna 17, Luna 19, Luna 20, Luna 21, Luna 22, Luna 24. Zond Mission Summaries, 1965 - 1970 o Zond 3, Zond 5, Zond 6, Zond 7, Zond 8. Phobos Mars 96 Venera Mission Summaries, 1967 - 1983 o Venera 4, Venera 5, Venera 6, Venera 7, Venera 8, Venera 9, Venera 10, Venera 11, Venera 12, Ve

7、nera 13, Venera 14, Venera 15 & 16 European Missions Giotto Ulysses SOHO Cassini/Huygens Rosetta Japanese Missions Sakigake Nozomi (Planet-B) Suisei Yohkoh The space program of the Peoples Republic of China is directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). Its technological roots can be

8、 traced back to the late 1950s, when the Peoples Republic began a rudimentary ballistic missile program in response to perceived American (and, later, Soviet) threats. However, the first Chinese crewed flight program only began in earnest several decades later, when an accelerated program of technol

9、ogical development culminated in Yang Liweis successful 2003 flight aboard Shenzhou5. This achievement made China the third country to independently send humans into space. Future plans include a permanent space station and crewed expeditions to the Moon and Mars.Contentshide 1 History and recent de

10、velopments o 1.1 During the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship period o 1.2 After the Sino-Soviet split o 1.3 After Mao Zedongs death o 1.4 After the end of the Cold War o 1.5 Dual-use technologies and outer space 2 Organization o 2.1 Universities and institutes o 2.2 Space cities o 2.3 Suborbital lau

11、nch sites o 2.4 Satellite launch centers o 2.5 Monitoring and control centers 2.5.1 Domestic tracking stations 2.5.2 Overseas tracking stations 2.5.3 Crewed spacecraft landing site 3 Crewed spaceflight programs o 3.1 Project 714 o 3.2 Project 863 o 3.3 Project 921 3.3.1 Space capsule 3.3.2 Space lab

12、oratory 3.3.3 Space station o 3.4 Proposed lunar exploration o 3.5 Mission to Mars and beyond 4 Goals 5 List of projects o 5.1 Satellites and science o 5.2 Satellite launch center o 5.3 Launch vehicles o 5.4 Space exploration 6 Research 7 See also 8 References 9 External links edit History and recen

13、t developmentsThis article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2009)This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedias quality standards. You can help. T

14、he discussion page may contain suggestions. (July 2009)edit During the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship periodAfter the United States threatened to use nuclear weapons during the Korean Warcitation needed, Chairman Mao Zedong decided that only a nuclear deterrent of its own would guarantee the secur

15、ity of the newly founded PRC. Additionally, he wanted China to gain status among the worlds powers that, as he felt, did not respect him, and instead dealt only with the Republic of China (present-day Taiwan) as China. Thus, Mao announced his decision to develop Chinas own strategic weapons, includi

16、ng nuclear bombs and associated missiles for the warheads, during a Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee meeting held on January 15, 1955. The Chinese nuclear weapons program was designated by the codename of 02.“我们不但要有更多的飞机大炮，而且还要有原子弹。 Not only do we need more airplanes and artillery pi

17、eces, we also need the atomic bomb.在今天这个世界上，我们要不受人家欺侮，就不能没有这个东西。 In this world today, to avoid being bullied, we cannot be without it.”The Fifth Academy of the National Defense Ministry (国防部第五研究院) was founded on October 8, 1956, with Qian Xueshen, who had just been deported from the United States af

18、ter being accused of being a communist during the red scare, as director. The Academy started the development of the first ballistic missile program, adopted on March 1, 1956 and known as the first Twelve-Year-Plan for Chinese aerospace.1After the launch of mankinds first artificial satellite, Sputn

19、ik 1 by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, Mao decided during the National Congress of the CCP on May 17, 1958 to make China an equal with the superpowers (“我们也要搞人造卫星”), by adopting Project 581 with the objective of placing a satellite in orbit by 1959 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the PRCs

20、 founding.2 This goal would be achieved in three phases: developing sounding rockets first, then launching small satellites and in the final phase, large satellites.The construction of Chinas first missile test base, code-named Base 20 (西北综合导弹试验基地), started in April 1958 and it entered service on Oc

21、tober 20 of the same year.During the cordial Sino-Soviet relations of the 1950s, the USSR engaged in a cooperative technology transfer program with the PRC under which they trained Chinese students and provided the fledgling program with a sample R-2 rocket.The first Chinese missile was built in Oct

22、ober 1958 as a reverse-engineered copy of the Soviet R-2 short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), itself an upgraded version of a German V-2 rocket. Its range was 590km, weighing 20.5 tons and propelled with liquid oxygen and alcohol.Chinas first ever T-7 sounding rocket was successfully launched from

23、the Nanhui launch site on February 19, 1960.3China started to develop medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBM) in July 1960, with an increased range double that of the R-2.But when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev was denounced as revisionist, with Mao asserting that there had been a counter-revolutio

24、n in the Soviet Union and that capitalism had been restored, the friendly relationship between the two countries turned to confrontation. As a consequence, all Soviet technological assistance was abruptly withdrawn after the 1960 Sino-Soviet split.edit After the Sino-Soviet splitOnly 17 days after t

25、he last Soviet expert had left China, the first Soviet built R-2 rocket fueled with Chinese-made propellant was launched with success on September 10, 1960.The first successful launch of a Chinese 1059 SRBM missile copy of the R-2 was conducted only two months later on November 5, 1960. The missile

26、was also designated DF-1.The first DF-2 MRBM was tested on March 21, 1962, but failed.With the escalation of the Cold War, Mao decided in December 1963 that China should develop missile defence system capacity. During a conference held on February 2, 1964, directive 640 （640指示）is adopted (later know

27、n as Project 640.4Development eventually continued with the redesigned DF-2A MRBM which was successfully tested on June 29, 1964. It would enter service by the end of 1966.The first successful launch and recovery of a T-7A(S1) sounding rocket carrying a biological experiment (transporting eight whit

28、e mice) was on July 19, 1964 from Base 603（安徽广德誓节渡中国科学院六三基地.5The first successful Chinese atomic bomb, code-named 596, was detonated on October 16, 1964.China started to develop the DF-5 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) program in August 1965. It was designed to carry a single nuclear warhe

29、ad and has a maximum range of 12000km. In November 1966, it was decided to build a second ballistic missile test site, the Northern Missile Test Site (华北导弹试验场) in Shanxi Province, farther away from Chinas northern border.On October 27, 1966, a nuclear-tipped DF-2A missile was launched from Jiuquan a

30、nd the 20 kilotons yield nuclear warhead exploded at the height of 569 meters over the target in Lop Nor or Base 21 situated 894km away.On December 26, 1966, China tested its first indigenously developed DF-3 intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) with success. The DF-3 was a single-stage, sing

31、le-warhead missile with a maximum range of 2500km. The development of the DF-4 IRBM began in 1967 in parallel with the single-stage DF-3.In March 1967, development started on the JL-1 submarine-launched ballistic missile to accompany the Type 092 ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) also in developmen

32、t.On June 17, 1967, China successfully detonated its first thermonuclear device.As the space race between the two superpowers reached its climax with the conquest of the Moon, Mao and Zhou Enlai decided on July 14, 1967 that the PRC should not be left behind, and started Chinas own crewed space prog

33、ram.6 Chinas first spacecraft designed for human occupancy was named Shuguang-1 (曙光一号) in January 1968.7 Chinas Space Medical Institute (航天医学工程研究所) was founded on April 1, 1968, and the Central Military Commission issued the order of starting the selection of astronauts.As part of the third line eff

34、ort to relocate critical defense infrastructure to the relatively remote interior (away from the Soviet border), it was decided to construct a new space center in the mountainous region of Xichang in the Sichuan province, code-named Base 27.A first liquid-propellant DF-3 medium-range ballistic missi

35、le was successfully launched from the Northern Missile Test Site on December 18, 1968, inaugurating the test site.In August 1969, the development of Chinas first heavy-lift satellite launch vehicle (SLV), the FB-1 （风暴一号, was started by Shanghais 2nd Bureau of Mechanic-Electrical Industry. The all-li

36、quid two-stage launcher was derived from the DF-5 ICBM. Only a few months later, a parallel heavy-lift SLV program, also based on the same DF-5 ICBM and known as CZ-2, was started in Beijing by the First Space Academy.The DF-4 was used to develop the Long March-1 SLV. A newly-designed spin-up orbita

37、l insertion solid propellant rocket motor third stage was added to the two existing Nitric acid/UDMH liquid propellant stages. An attempt to use this vehicle to launch a Chinese satellite before Japans first attempt ended in failure on November 16, 1969.8The first DF-4 liquid-propellant with two-sta

38、ge, single-warhead IRBM was tested with success on January 30, 1970. The addition of a second-stage allowed the missile to increased its range to over 4750km.The second satellite launch attempt on April 24, 1970 was successful. A CZ-1 was used to launch the 173kg Dong Fang Hong I (东方红一号 (meaning The

39、 East Is Red I), also known as Mao-1. It was the heaviest first satellite placed into orbit by a nation, exceeding the combined masses of the first satellites of the other four previous countries. The third stage of the CZ-1 was specially equipped with a 40 m2 solar reflector (观察球) deployed by the c

40、entrifugal force developed by the spin up orbital insertion solid propellant stage. Therefore, the faint magnitude 5 to 8 brightness of the DFH-1 made the satellite (at best) barely visible with naked eyes was consequently dramatically increased to a comfortable magnitude 2 to 3.The PRCs second sate

41、llite was launched with the last of the CZ-1 SLVs on March 3, 1971. The 221kg ShiJian-1 (SJ-1) was equipped with a magnetometer and cosmic-ray/x-ray detectors.With the newly acquired confidence following the milestone technological achievement of the nuclear weapons and satellite projects (“两弹一星”),

42、the first crewed space program known as Project 714, was officially adopted in April 1971 with the goal of sending two astronauts into space by 1973 aboard the Shuguang spacecraft. The first screening process for astronauts had already ended on March 15, 1971, with 19 astronauts chosen. The program

43、would soon be cancelled due to political turmoil.A first flight test of the DF-5 ICBM was carried out in October 1971.On August 10, 1972, the new heavy-lift SLV FB-1 made its maiden test flight, with only partial success.The CZ-2A launcher, originally designed to carry the Shuguang-1 spacecraft, was

44、 first tested on November 5, 1974, carrying Chinas first FSW-0 recoverable satellite, but failed. After some redesign work, the modified CZ-2C successfully launched the FSW-0 No.1 recoverable satellite (返回式卫星) into orbit on November 26, 1975.After expansion, the Northern Missile Test Site was upgrad

45、ed as a test base in January 1976 to become the Northern Missile Test Base (华北导弹试验基地) known as Base 25.edit After Mao Zedongs deathAfter Mao died on September 9, 1976, his rival, Deng Xiaoping, denounced during the Cultural Revolution as reactionary and therefore forced to retire from all his office

46、s, slowly re-emerged as Chinas new leader in 1978. At first, new development was slowed. Then, several key projects deemed unnecessary were simply cancelledthe Fanji ABM system, the Xianfeng Anti-Missile Super Gun, the ICBM Early Warning Network 7010 Tracking Radar and the land-based high-power anti

47、-missile laser program. Nevertheless, some development did proceed.The first Yuanwang-class space tracking ship was commissioned in 1979.The first full-range test of the DF-5 ICBM was conducted on May 18, 1980. The payload reached its target located 9300km away in the South Pacific (70S 11733E / 7S

48、117.55E / -7; 117.55 (DF-5 ICBM test impact) and retrieved five minutes later by helicopter.Further development of the Long March rocket series allowed the PRC to initiate a commercial launch program in 1985, which has since launched over 30 foreign satellites, primarily for European and Asian interests.The next crewed space program was even more ambitious and proposed in March 1986, as Astronautics plan 863-2.