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1、Lesson Seven,A Lesson in Living(Part Two)by Maya Angelou,School of Foreign Languages and Cultures,2012-04-16,I.Before reading the text,Questions for you:What can we expect in this part?Have you ever thought of the relation between voice and meaning?How do you view tolerance and illiteracy?,II.Readin
2、g the text,Paragraph 1:Questions:What is this paragraph about?Can you describe how Mrs.Flowers and the writer walked in your own language?,2)Key expressions In frontSwingPick ones way,3)Sentences There was a little path beside the rocky road,and Mrs.Flowers walked in front swinging her arms and pick
3、ing her way over the stones.在石头路旁（崎岖地路旁）有一条小路，弗劳尔斯夫人甩着胳膊走在前面，小心地避开石头，选路走。,Paragraph 2:Questions:How did Mrs.Flowers initiate the communication with Marguerite?Was Marguerite a good student in the school?What was Marguerites problem?What was Marguerites reaction to Mrs.Flowers remarks?,2)Key expressi
4、ons Have trouble(in)doing sthGet sb to do sth Hang in questions jnn jn,3)Sentences I hung back in the separate unasked and unanswerable questions?I lagged behind Mrs.Flowers,thinking about the remarks made by her.Her remarks were more like questions,which could not be answered.我走在后面想着那些未问出口也无法回答的一个个
5、的问题。,Paragraph 3:Questions:Did Mrs.Flowers go on talking about Marguerites performance in the school?What did she do?And why did she do this?Why couldnt Marguerite refuse Mrs.Flowers even if she wanted to?How did Marguerite describe Mrs.Flowers nice pronunciation?,2)Key expressions Walk along with s
6、b Clarity,3)Sentences I couldnt have refused even if I wanted to.即使我想，我也可能拒绝她。,Paragraph 4,5 and 6:Questions:What did Mrs.Flowers do in these two paragraphs?How did Mrs.Flowers try to persuade Marguerite to talk more?What was Marguerites reaction to Mrs.Flowers idea about language?Do you know the st
7、ory of the Towel of Babel?How should we understand the sentence“Words mean more than what is set down on paper?Why can voice infuse words with the shades of deeper meaning?,The story of Babel,Up until this point in the Bible,the whole world had one language-one common speech for all people.The peopl
8、e of the earth became skilled in construction and decided to build a city with a tower(the Towel of Babel)that would reach to heaven.By building the tower they wanted to make a name for themselves and also prevent their city from being scattered.God came to see their city and the tower they were bui
9、lding.He perceived their intentions,and in His infinite wisdom,He knew this stairway to heaven would only lead the people away from God.He noted the powerful force within their unity of purpose.As a result,God confused their language,causing them to speak different languages so they would not unders
10、tand each other.By doing this,God sabotaged their plans.He also scattered the people of the city all over the face of the earth.,The importance of language,“Language is the house of being.”Martin Heidegger“语言是人类最后的家园。”钱冠连,The importance of language,CONTEXT（语境）Referential function（指称功能）MESSAGE（信息）Poe
11、tic function（诗性功能）ADDRESSER（发话者）ADDRESSEE（受话者）Emotive function（情感功能）Conative function（意动功能）CONTACT（接触）Phatic function（寒暄功能）CODE（语码）Metalingual function（元语言功能）,The REFERENTIAL,or“denotative”function,oriented towards the CONTEXT,is the use of language to convey information,and thus forms the basis for
12、 verbal communication.The EMOTIVE or“expressive”function,focused on the ADDRESSER,is the direct expression of the addressers attitude towards what he or she is speaking about.The CONATIVE function,oriented towards the ADDRESSEE,is the use of language in order to achieve a result in the addressee,in
13、accord with the addressers wishes.Corresponding to CONTACT is the PHATIC function of language to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact rather than to exchange information or ideas(e.g.greetings,comments on the weather,or enquiries about health).Whenever the addresser or addressee needs
14、to check up whether they use the same code,speech is focused on the CODE:it performs a METALINGUAL function(e.g.I dont follow you what do you mean?or Do you know what I mean?).The POETIC function,which focuses on the MESSAGE,is any aesthetic or creative linguistic use of the spoken or written medium
15、.,M.A.K.Halliday(1978),作为社会符号的语言(Language as a Social Semiotic),儿童语言的功能/语言的发展功能(Halliday 1978:19-20)工具功能 Instrumental(“I want”):satisfying material needs控制功能 Regulatory(“do as I tell you”):controlling the behaviour of others互动功能 Interactional(“me and you”):getting along with other people个体功能 Persona
16、l(“here I come”):identifying and expressing the self启发功能 Heuristic(“tell me why”):exploring the world around and inside one 想象功能 Imaginative(“lets pretend”):creating a world of ones own信息功能 Informative(“Ive got something to tell you”):communicating new information.,概念功能（experiential function）：表达说话者的
17、亲身经历和内心活动的功能人际功能（interpersonal function）：建立和维持说话者和受话者的社会关系的功能语篇功能（textual function）：根据语境运用语言组织信息的功能The experiential function:we use language to talk about our experience of the world,including the worlds in our own minds,to describe events and states and the entities involved in them.The interperson
18、al function:we use language to interact with other people,to establish and maintain relations with them,to influence their behavior,to express our own viewpoint on things in the world,and to elicit or change theirs.The textual function:in using language,we organize our messages in ways which indicat
19、e how they fit in with the other messages around them and with the wider context in which we are talking or writing.,Superasegmental features of speech sound,Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal suprasegmentals are:,1)The syll
20、able structure,Onset Rime Nucleus Codak r k t,Open syllable:bar,tieClosed syllable:bark,tiedEnglish Syllable:(C)C)C)V(C)C)C)C)Chinese syllable:(C)V(C),2)Stress,Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.In transcription,a raised vertical line is often used just before the syll
21、able it relates to.A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables,the former being more prominent than the latter,which means that stress is a relative notion.,At the word level,it only applies to words with at least two syllables.At the sentence level,a monosyllabic word may
22、be said to be stressed relative to other words in the sentence.,Sentence stress is much more interesting.In general situations,notional words are normally stressed while structural words are unstressed.Nevertheless,sentence stress is often used to express emphasis,surprise etc.so that in principle s
23、tress may fall on any word or any syllable.,Sentence Stress,a.John bought a pink bicycle.b.John bought a pink bicycle.c.John bought a pink bicycle.d.John bought a pink bicycle.e.John bought a pink bicycle.,3)Intonation(语调),Intonation involves“the occurrence of recurring pitch patterns,each of which
24、is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings,either on single words or on groups of words of varying length”(Cruttenden,1997:7).For example,the fall-rise tone in English typically involves the meaning of a contrast within a limited set of items stated explicitly or implicitly.,(Isnt her name
25、 Mary?)No/JennyThe old man didnt come/whereas the young man/did come and actually enjoyed himself I didnt do it,5)Tone,The phenomenon of pitch contours gives us three types of language:i)Chinese is a tone language,in which the meaning of a word is affected by the pitch and tones serve to differentia
26、te lexical entries.,2)English is of a different kind,in that the“tones”in English do not affect the meaning of individual words,but they may affect the meaning of the phrase or sentence and provide the functional or emotional meaning of the utterance.,2)Key expressions Bear(sth)in mindSetdownInfuse
27、sth with sth shadeValid,3)Sentences It takes the human voice to infuse them with the shades of deeper meaning.它需要人的声音赋予它们(语词）各种各样更加深刻的含义。,Paragraph 7 and 8:Questions:What are these two paragraphs about?How should Marguerite appreciate books according to Mrs.Flowers?What did Mrs.Flowers mean by“handl
28、e a book”?,2)Key expressions Boggle Abuse,3)Sentences My imagination boggled at the punishment I would deserve if in fact I did abuse a book of Mrs.Flowers.我无法想象假如我真的没有好好对待弗劳尔斯太太的书应当受到怎样的惩罚。,Paragraph 9 and 10:Questions:What surprised me when I entered Mrs.Flowers house?Why?Why did Marguerite say“bu
29、t my mind never recorded it”?What was Mrs.Flowers like in the writers mind according to paragraph 9?,2)Key expressions Odor Connect withOuthouseScentvanilla,3)Sentences The sweet scent of vanilla had met us as she opened the door.As Mrs.Flowers opened the door of the house,we smelled the sweet scent
30、 of vanilla.当她打开门时，香草的芳香扑鼻而来。,Paragraph 11:Questions:Why was there the scent of vanilla in Mrs.Flowers house?Can we say the heavy sacks were just an excuse for Mrs.Flowers to ask Marguerite to help her home?Why?,2)Key expressions You see,Invite sb for sthlemonade,Paragraph 12:Questions:What is this
31、paragraph about？What is this paragraph intended for?What kind of writing strategy is adopted in this paragraph?,2)Key expressions Freezer,3)Sentences It followed that Mrs.Flowers would have ice on an ordinary day,when most families in our town bought ice late on Saturdays only a few times during the
32、 summer to be used in the wooden icecream freezers.这就是说，弗劳尔斯太太平常日子也有冰，而我们这个县城里的许多家庭也只有在夏天有那么几次在星期六下午买冰，用在木制的冰淇淋冷冻机里。,Paragraph 13:Questions:What is this paragraph about?Did I ever imagine that I could enter Mrs.Flowers house?How did the writer express this slim chance?What details did Marguerite foc
33、us on?What was Marguerites impulse when looking around the room?,2)Key expressions Disappear through the doorBrownedLeerGobble,3)Sentences Browned photographs leered or threatened from the walls and the white,freshly done curtains pushed against themselves and against the wind.墙上发黄的相片里的人或斜眼微笑或一脸凶相，新
34、整理好的 窗帘在风中相互摩挲。,Paragraph 14 and 15:Questions:Why did Mrs.Flowers mean by saying that“she hadnt tried her hand at baking sweets for some time”?What were the wafers like?How did Marguerite eat the wafers?What is the meaning of the word“expressly”?What is the meaning of“if I hadnt to swallow,it would
35、have been a dream come true”?,2)Key expressions Have a seatPlatterTea towelTry ones hand at sth/doing sthWaferJamCrumbScratch,3)Sentences So I jammed one whole cake in my mouth and the rough crumbs scratched the insides of my jaws,and if I hadnt had to swallow,it would have been a dream come true.So
36、 I swallowed a whole wafer and the rough crumbs scratched the insides of my jaws,and if I hadnt had to swallow the wafer,I would have been able to keep it in my mouth and enjoy it for a long time.因此，我把一整块饼都塞进了我的嘴里，那粗糙的饼渣擦破了我嘴巴里面的皮，要是我不用吞下去的话，那可真是梦想要成真了。,Paragraph 16:Questions:What is the first of“my
37、 lesson in living”What is“mother wit”?What is a“homely saying”?Can you give some examples?What is Mrs.Flowers evaluation of the homely sayings?Have you noticed anything special about grammar in this paragraph?,Homely sayings,十年树木，百年树人。当局者迷，旁观者清。有则改之，无则加勉。只见树木，不见森林。种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。兼听则明，偏听则暗。得道多助，失道寡助。生于忧患，
38、死于安乐。智者千虑，必有一失。鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。,A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善终。A bad thing never dies.遗臭万年。A bad workman always blames his tools.不会撑船怪河弯。A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush.一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。A burden of ones choice is not felt.爱挑的担子不嫌重。A candle lights others and consumes itself.蜡烛照亮别人，却毁
39、灭了自己。A cat may look at a king.猫也可以打量国王，意为人人平等。A close mouth catches no flies.病从口入。A constant guest is never welcome.常客令人厌。Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变。,2)Key expressions UnderstandingHomelyCouch,3)Sentences She said that I must always be intolerant of ign
40、orance but understanding of illiteracy.She said that I should always not tolerate ignorance but I should not show any contempt for those people who are unable to read and write.她说我必须永远都不要容忍无知但是应当理解不识字的人（没有受过教育的人）。,Paragraph 17 to 22:Questions:What are these paragraphs about?What was A Tale of Two Ci
41、ties according to the writer after she finished reading it?How did Mrs.Flowers renewed Marguerites thought about the novel？What was Marguerites reaction after hearing Mrs.Flowers reading?what was Marguerites answer to Mrs.Flowers question and why did she answer in this way?What did Mrs.Flowers ask M
42、arguerite to do?,A Tale of Two Cities,A Tale of Two Cities(1859)is a novel by Charles Dickens,set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution.The novel depicts the plight of the French peasantry demoralized by the French aristocracy in the years leading up to the revolution,the corre
43、sponding brutality demonstrated by the revolutionaries toward the former aristocrats in the early years of the revolution,and many unflattering social parallels with life in London during the same time period.It follows the lives of several protagonists through these events.The most notable are Char
44、les Darnay and Sydney Carton.Darnay is a French once-aristocrat who falls victim to the indiscriminate wrath of the revolution despite his virtuous nature,and Carton is a dissipated British barrister who endeavors to redeem his ill-spent life out of his unrequited love for Darnays wife.,http:/en.wik
45、ipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities,Quotes from the novel,It was the best of times,it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity,it was the season of Light,it was the season of Darkness,it was the spring o
46、f hope,it was the winter of despair,we had everything before us,we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to heaven,we were all going direct the other way,“这是最美好的时代，这是最糟糕的时代；这是智慧的时代，这是愚蠢的时代；这是信仰的时期，这是怀疑的时期；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是希望的春天，这是失望的冬天；人们面前精彩纷呈，人们面前一无所有；人们全都在直奔天堂，人们全都在直奔相反的方向”,2)Key expres
47、sions Brush sth off sth Up to ones standardsSlideCurve downHymnCascadeFlavorPay sb a visitrecite,3)Sentences It was the least I could do,but it was the most also.I was so overwhelmed by the emotion that I could only say that much.这是我至少该做的，但这也是最多能做到的。,Paragraph 23:Questions:What has Marguerite tried
48、often to find?What is the essence and what is the aura?What is meaning of“to be allowed,no,invited,into the private lives of strangers”?Who are the strangers?Who is Beowulf?And who is Oliver Twist?What is the sentence“it is a far”?Is it the remark by the writer or by someone else?,“It is a far”,“It
49、is a far,far better thing that I do,than I have ever done;it is a far,far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.The novel concludes with the guillotining of Sydney Carton and this is one of Cartons unspoken last thoughts which are prophetic.我做的是比我做过的任何事情都要好得多的事情；我要去的是比我知道的任何安息之所都要好得多的安息之所。
50、（这是我一生中最乐意做的事 这里是我最好的安息之所）,2)Key expressions SophisticationEnchantmentAuraWormwoodMeadSelflessness,3)Sentences I have tried often to search behind the sophistication of years for the enchantment I so easily found in those gifts.After I grew up,I have become more mature and have a better and more com
