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1、Latin Verb,Latin Inflection,Latin Inflection,Thematic Vowel,Infinitive Morpheme,Verb Structure,Verb Structure,Latin Borrowings,English borrows both lexemes formed off of roots and stems,Root Borrowings,Past Participle Stems,Different Stems,Thematic Stem,prob,probable,Participle Stem,prob,probation,R
2、oots and Stems Borrowings,-theme Borrowings,-theme Borrowings,The changes to the thematic vowel indicate that a phonological rule must convert it to i+t+i+t,e-theme verbs,e-theme verbs,e-theme verbs,Two things to noticeThe thematic vowel is missing in the past participleIs this a special form of the
3、 past participleOr is there a rule deleting the thematic vowel?,e-themes,If we assume that e-themes are formed the same way as other themes,the e-themes remain regularThis argues for a phonological rule that deletes the thematic e,e-theme verbs,Notice also that if the final consonant of the root is
4、g,it changes to ceg.fiction from fig+e+t+ionWhat sounds do g and c represent?g and kWhat is the relationship between g and k?,e-themes,What is the change from g to kDevoicingWhy would g devoice when a t follows?Voicing Assimilation,e-themes,Assimilation,If g and b will assimilation in voicing to a f
5、ollowing t perhaps there is a more general ruleA voiced stops assimilates in voiced to a following voiceless stopOr perhaps,in most circumstances,stops will agree in voicing with a following consonant,Assimilation,e-theme verbs,If g and b assimilate to a following consonant,what other consonant shou
6、ld be examined?g and b are voiced stopsd is the other voiced stop,e-theme verbs,Dental roots,Observations,Assimilation will ensure that the sequence t+t will be createdSometimes,the reflex is ss(passion)and sometimes it is s(occasion)Since we start with 2 consonants,ss would seem to be the result,As
7、sibilation,The conversion of something to s is called assibilationAssibilation of t+t is unusual but not impossible,Observation,What distinguishes the roots that result in ss from those that result in s?Roots with ss always have a short vowelRoots with s have eithera long vowela diphthong(represente
8、d as two vowels),Representation,If we represent long vowels as a sequence of two vowels,then both classes can be covered by the same ruleVVss VVs,Derivation,Consonant Cluster Roots,Consonant Cluster roots,These roots show that the s is short after several consonantsSome languages have the concept of
9、 a heavy syllableThese syllables contain either a long vowel or have a heavy endingThe rule may be that ss shortens after heavy syllables.,Derivation tree,vid,One more problem,What an x,What is the expected etymological form?annect+e+tThis should convert to annecssThen to annecscs represents ksLatin
10、 represent ks as x,Representation,Why are the nominalized forms connection and reflection?It appears that connect and reflect have been reanalyzed as past participlesNote that the British spelling is connexion and reflexion,Exceptions,“All grammars leak”As much as we want to build a regular rule sys
11、tem,it is not always possibleHow to form the English plural?Add s to the lexemeWhat about foot/feet,Exceptions,The problem of exceptions to rules has a history in linguisticsTwo schools of thought in the 19th Century“Every word has its own history”No regular rules,Exceptions,Two schools of thought“N
12、o exception without a rule”,Exceptions,Exceptions,Sometimes there is nothing obvious to say about exceptionsthe verb sentire is a theme verbsentimentbut senseThis shows that the deletes,although it shouldnt,Exceptions,Exceptions,Exceptions,Notice that there is somethign aodd about the rootsThey are
13、new but familarConsider dictLooks like the past participle of dicdic+e+t,Exceptions,Explanation,The phonological rules have obscured the morphological structure of some past participlesit is not obvious that the root of vision is vidThese words are reanalyzedThe root of vision becomes vis and is now
14、 unrelated to the original root vid,Observations,The new words all have the thematic vowel aThis is the thematic vowel with which all new words are formed in Latin and Romance languagesNew and old wordsold words follow the old rulesnew words do not,Present Participles,Present Participle,Present Participle,Exceptions,Assibiliation,In the history of French t would assibilate when followed by i and any vowelt+iV s+iVIn Latin,the present participle could be nominalized by adding-iaOnly seen in a few wordssenile dementia,Assibilation,Productivity,
