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1、1,Unit 4 Motor Vehicles,机动车,2,CONTENT,Background Information Reading AExercises of Reading AReading BSimulated Writing Commercial InvoiceListening&Speaking Packing and Shipment,3,Background Information,Motor Vehicle,A motor vehicle or road vehicle is a self-propelled wheeled vehicle that does not op
2、erate on rails,such as trains or trolleys.The vehicle propulsion is provided by an engine or motor,usually by an internal combustion engine,or an electric motor,or some combination of the two,such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids.,4,For legal purposes motor vehicles are often identifi
3、ed within a number of vehicle classes including automobiles or cars,buses,motorcycles,motorized bicycles,off highway vehicles,light trucks or light duty trucks,and trucks or lorries.These classifications vary according to the legal codes of each country.,5,As of 2010 there were more than one billion
4、 motor vehicles in use in the world excluding off-road vehicles and heavy construction equipment.Global vehicle ownership per capita in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation per 1000 people.The United States has the largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world,with 239.8 million by 2010.Vehicle ownersh
5、ip per capita in the U.S.is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 people.,6,7,The United States has the worlds largest motor vehicle registered fleet,with almost 250 million vehicles,The Peoples Republic of China has the second largest fleet in the world,with slightly
6、 more than 78 million vehicles and since 2009 became the worlds largest new car market.In 2011,a total of 80 million cars and commercial vehicles were built,led by China,with 18.4 million motor vehicles manufactured.,8,9,The Peoples Republic of China became the worlds largest new car market in 2009,
7、An electric bus is a bus powered by electricity.There are two main electric bus categories:Non-autonomous electric buses:The trolleybus is a type of electric bus powered by two overhead electric wires,with electricity being drawn from one wire and returned via the other wire,using two roof-mounted t
8、rolley poles.,10,Electric Bus,The gapbus is a bus without rails or surface power lines,and it can share the road lane with other vehicles as well.Power is supplied over a gap of 12 cm(4.7 in)from a power line embedded in the ground.The onboard stored-electricity bus(autonomous electric buses):Batter
9、y electric bus and capabusGyrobus,11,12,Background Info.-Battery Electric Bus,13,A battery-electric minibus in St Helens,England,14,15,The battery electric vehicle,or BEV,is a type of electric vehicle(EV)that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs(电池组).As with other electric vehic
10、les,BEVs use electric motors(电动机)and motor controllers(电动机控制器)instead of internal combustion engines(ICEs内燃机)for propulsion(推动、推动力).,16,All-electric and hybrid electric vehicles 混合动力电动车,Vehicles using both electric motors and ICEs are examples of hybrid electric vehicles,and are not considered pure(
11、or all)EVs because they operate in a charge-sustaining mode(电量保持模式).,17,Reading Material,Read the news and then tell us your opinion towards EV(hybrid vehicle),18,Reading AThe Battery Bus,19,Reading A The Battery Bus,To the everyday bus operator,battery electric power could seem to offer few specifi
12、c advantages over the conventional diesel power.Specific objections are invariably ones of short range,low performance and higher primary energy consumption.Advantages are often mooted ones of low emission and therefore low pollution in urban environs,low noise pollution,greater passenger comfort an
13、d consumption of“off peak”surplus electrical energy.,?,Primary Energy,T/F,20,The ideal battery for electric buses should be able to offer:(a)high energy density;(b)high power density;(c)high electrochemical efficiency;(d)long service life and low maintenance requirements;(e)economical energy costs;(
14、f)safety to operate and service;(g)no temperature control problems in the battery(e.g.overheating or high running temperature).,?,21,Unfortunately,no battery system presently in commercial production can offer all of these facilities.Clearly the electric bus is,in the short term,a practical proposit
15、ion only in the“in-city”role;longer rural or inter-city operation is out of the question now and is likely to be for a very long time to come.,T/F,22,One specific barrier to wider adoption of the electric bus must be the external demand of operators for“unlimited”mileage that is,for vehicles(e.g.die
16、sel engines)with total flexibility.However,there is little to support the view that in a highly efficient transit operation almost every vehicle should be capable of running almost every service.The real truth may be that due to the inflexibility of infrastructure,coupled to the low reliability of p
17、resent technology of diesel buses in almost all existing high-density public transport operation,?,23,a vehicle of high route availability is needed to simply maintain day-to-day service requirements at an adequate level.In this light,may the time has come to take a careful look at the“real”economic
18、s of that highly complicated engineering package the diesel bus.Simplicity usually breeds reliability and viewed in this light electric buses may begin to make sense in operational,financial and engineering terms.,24,The Electric Vehicle Association of Great Britain carried out a comparison between
19、electric and diesel vehicles in the already well-established UK applications of electrical vehicles,primarily milk floats and light vans.From this,the conditions that make electric vehicles viable are:,?,25,(a)the long life of the electric vehicle:fifteen years against five for the conventional vehi
20、cles,which goes offset the higher capital cost of the electric over the conventional vehicle;(b)the tax advantages i.e.no road tax and no tax on fuel;(c)lower maintenance requirement.,Trans,26,One aspect of bus financing could operate in favor of the electric bus.Battery bus purchasers at present re
21、ceive a capital grant from Government.Given a higher capital cost for electric buses,the cash grant payable would be higher for a conventional vehicle.However,this bus grant is rapidly being phased out.,T/F,27,However,there appears to be a good prospect that a battery bus overcoming these present ba
22、rriers may be eventually produced,although it will rely heavily on the commercial production of lightweight high energy density batteries at the right price.,28,Detailed Learning of Reading A,29,As per bus operator,what are the pros and cons of battery electric buses?Specific objections are invariab
23、ly ones of short range,low performance and higher primary energy consumption.Advantages are often mooted ones of low emission and therefore low pollution in urban environs,low noise pollution,greater passenger comfort and consumption of“off peak”surplus electrical energy.,30,True or falseThe electri
24、c bus costs less than the diesel bus.,False,31,Primary Energy一次性能源：原油、天然气、水力、风力等Secondary Energy二次能源：电力、汽油、焦炭等。,32,bus operator battery electric power diesel powershort rangelow performanceprimary energy consumptionlow emission noise pollution off peaksurplus electricity energy,公共汽车公司电池电能柴油动力行程短效率低一
25、次性能源消耗低排放噪音污染非峰期剩余电能,33,What are the qualities that the ideal battery for electric buses should possess?,34,energy densitypower densityelectrochemical efficiencyservice lifeeconomical energy costtemperature controloverheating/high running temperature,能量密度功率密度电化率使用寿命能源成本低温控过热/运行温度高,35,True or false1.
26、Up to now,there is no such thing as ideal bus battery in existence.2.In the near future,battery buses will be widely used for longer distance transport.,True,False,36,in-city operationinter-city operation,市内/城区运行城际/城市间运行,37,What is the barrier to wider adoption of electric bus?the external demand of
27、 operators for“unlimited”mileage that is,for vehicles(e.g.diesel engines)with total flexibility.,38,One specific barrier to wider adoption of the electric bus must be the external demand of operators for“unlimited”mileage that is,for vehicles(e.g.diesel engines)with total flexibility.Translate the a
28、bove sentence into Chinese.要广泛采用电瓶巴士有一个实际的阻碍，那就是驾驶员对“无限制”里程运输车辆的要求换句话说，即对具有完全灵活性的机动车（如柴油机车）的需求。,39,However,there is little to support the view that in a highly efficient transit operation almost every vehicle should be capable of running almost every service.Translate the sentence into Chinese.不管怎样，
29、很少有人赞成这样的观点，即在高效的交通运输作业中，几乎每一种机动车都应能够完成几乎所有的服务功能。,40,unlimited mileage diesel engine transit operationinfrastructurepublic transport operation,无限制里程柴油发动机运营调度/公交调度基础设施公交运营,41,route availability engineering package,道路可用性工程包,42,The comparison conducted by Electric Vehicle Association of Great Britain c
30、onfirms the electric vehicles are viable,why?(a)the long life of the electric vehicle;(b)the tax advantages i.e.no road tax and no tax on fuel;(c)lower maintenance requirement.,43,Electric Vehicle Association of UKmilk floatlight van,英国电车协会送奶电车轻型厢式货车,44,(a)the long life of the electric vehicle:fifte
31、en years against five for the conventional vehicles,which goes offset the higher capital cost of the electric over the conventional vehicle.Translate the sentence into Chinese使用寿命长；电瓶车为15年，普通车辆为5年，这点将抵消它高出普通车的投资成本。,45,capital costroad taxtax on fuelmaintenance cost,投资成本养路费燃油税维修成本,46,True or falseThe
32、 government encourages the development of battery buses because they are now money-saving.,False,47,bus financingcapital grant cash grant payablephase out,公车融资补贴/补助应付现金补贴逐步停止,逐步撤出,48,lightweight轻型,49,Exercises of Reading A,50,III.Match the following two columns.,1.maintenance requirement h.regulatio
33、ns made to keep things in good condition 2.a capital grant a.a sum of money from the government3.energy densityi.the quantity of electricity per unit of volumes,51,4.diesel engines b.a compression-ignition engine in which a spray of fuel ignites at a virtually constant pressure5.infrastructure g.whi
34、ch includes roads,schools,hospitals and power stations etc.6.offset c.to counterbalance as an equivalent does,52,7.mileage j.length,extent,or distance in miles 8.energy consumption d.progressive using up of power9.low performancee.not being made full use of 10.milk floatf.a motor vehicle,usually bat
35、tery powered,in which dairy products are delivered to homes by a daily route,53,IV.Fill in the table below by giving the corresponding translation.,可靠性,infrastructure,轻型厢式货车,maintenance,养路费,flexibility,现金补贴,transit operation,低排放,conventional vehicle,54,V.Complete the following sentences by translati
36、ng the Chinese Given in the brackets,1.There exist quite a few barriers and_ _ _ _(据此看来电瓶巴士的商业化生产目前还不可能).(in this light,out of the question)2.Presently the electric bus has,_,_ _(与普通柴油车相比，近期内还有许多不足之处).(in the short term),55,3.The Government decided _ _(采取一些措施在财力上支持电瓶巴士).(in favor of)4.There appears
37、to be a good prospect _ _(电瓶巴士会克服现存障碍).(overcome),56,5.The long life of the electric vehicle _ _ _(将会抵消其高出普通车辆的投资成本).(offset)6.(由于缺乏基础设施)_ _，there is little to support this view.(due to),57,Reading B Specification of Auto Test Instrument,58,Finish Reading B and corresponding EXERCISE I&II on page 56
38、.,59,Simulated Writing Commercial Invoice,60,Commercial Invoice,A commercial invoice is document used in foreign trade.It is used as a customs declaration provided by the person or corporation that is exporting an item across international borders.Although there is no standard format,the document mu
39、st include a few specific pieces of information such as the parties involved in the shipping transaction,the goods being transported,the country of manufacture,and the Harmonized System codes(HS code 海关编码)for those goods.A commercial invoice must also include a statement certifying that the invoice
40、is true,and a signature.A commercial invoice is primarily used to calculate tariffs.,61,1、含义商业发票（Commercial Invoice），简称发票(Invoice)，是出口商向进口方提供的一种发货的价目清单。它是整套单据的核心，是制作其它单据的依据。2发票的作用（）买卖双方收发货物，收付货款和记帐的凭证。（）买卖双方凭此办理报关。（）卖方缮制其它单据的依据。（）在即期付款不出具汇票的情况下，卖方即凭发票向买方收款。,商业发票,62,Invoice,发票有商业发票（commercial invoice
41、）和形式发票（pro forma invoice）之分。商业发票是由出口商填制并开给进口商的一种商业单据，它是记账单据，也是卖方凭此向买方索取提供货物或服务价款的重要单据。形式发票是在交易达成之前，出口商根据某些国家申请进口许可证或申请核批进口外汇时必须提供出口方发票的规定，开给进口方的一种固定格式，对双方均无最终约束力的单据，也叫“预开发票”。,63,Invoice,形式发票的内容与商业发票的内容一致，主要有：1.卖方(the seller)一般是信用证的受益人(beneficiary)；2.买方(the buyer)；3.发票号码(invoice number)；4.发票日期(invoic
42、e date)；5.目的地(place or port of destination)；6.货物描述(description of goods)；7.货物数量(quantity)；8.货物单价(unit price)；9.总金额(total amount)；10.付款方式(payment)等。,64,样单,65,Commercial Invoice（sample）,样单,66,样单,67,Zhengchang Trading Co.,Ltd.No.168 Xushi Road Huzhou Zhejiang,Commercial Invoice,Zhengchang Trading Co.,L
43、td.,样单,68,样单,69,样单,70,样单,71,1、商业发票并无统一的格式，但所填的内容却大体相同。2、发票的内容要与信用证、合同的描述保持一致。3、商业发票的制作时间在所有的单据中是最早的。4、商业发票中必须要有单价、数量、总价。,商业发票总结,End,72,Exercise of Commercial Invoice,Make out a Commercial Invoice of your own format according to the following items.,73,Exercises of the Textbook,74,Listening and SpeakingPacking and Shipment,75,End of Unit 4,
