相交线和平行线讲义.doc

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1、求实教育学科教师辅导讲义学员姓名: 教师: 课 题 相交线和平行线讲义授课时间:2014年 月 日 教学目标1、 理解对顶角的定义;掌握对顶角的性质,能进行简单的应用。 2、 理解垂直的概念;掌握垂直的画法和性质。3、 了解两条直线的平行关系,掌握有关的符号表示;理解平行线的性质。重点、难点 重难点:利用对顶角和平行线的相关性质解决问题。教学内容【知识点回顾】1.两直线相交2.邻补角:有一条公共边,另一条边互为反向延长线的两个角互为邻补角。3.对顶角(1) 定义:有一个公共顶点,且一个角的两边分别是另一个角的两边的反向延长线,这样的两个角互为对顶角 (或两条直线相交形成的四个角中,不相邻的两个

2、角叫对顶角) 。(2) 对顶角的性质:对顶角相等。4垂直定义:当两条直线相交所形成的四个角中,有一个角是90那么这两条线互相垂直。5.垂线性质:过一点有且只有一条直线与已知直线垂直;垂线段最短。6平行线的定义:在同一平面内,不相交的两条直线叫平行线,“平行”用符号“”表示,如直线a,b是平行线,可记作“ab”7平行公理及推论(1)平行公理:过已知直线外一点有且只有一条直线与已知直线平行。(2)推论:如果两条直线都与第三条直线平行,那么这两条直线也互相平行。注:(1)平行公理中的“有且只有”包含两层意思:一是存在性;二是唯一性。(2)平行具有传递性,即如果ab,bc,则ac。8两条直线的位置关系

3、:在同一平面内,两条直线的位置关系有相交和平行。9平行线的性质:(1)两直线平行,同位角相等(在同一平面内)(2)两直线平行,内错角相等(在同一平面内)(3)两直线平行,同旁内角互补(在同一平面内)10平行线的判定(1)同位角相等,两直线平行;(在同一平面内)(2)内错角相等,两直线平行;(在同一平面内)(3)同旁内角互补,两直线平行;(在同一平面内)(4)如果两条直线都和第三条直线平行,那么这两条直线也互相平行; 补充:(5)平行的定义;(在同一平面内)(6)在同一平面内,垂直于同一直线的两直线平行。11.平移的定义及特征定义:将一个图形向某个方向平行移动,叫做图形的平移。特征:平移前后的两

4、个图形形状、大小完全一样;平移前与平移后两个图形的对应点连线平行且相等。【例题精讲】考点一:对相关概念的理解对顶角的性质,垂直的定义,垂线的性质,点到直线的距离,垂线性质与平行公理的区别等例1:判断下列说法的正误。(1) 对顶角相等;(2) 相等的角是对顶角;(3) 邻补角互补;(4) 互补的角是邻补角;(5) 同位角相等;(6) 内错角相等;(7) 同旁内角互补;(8) 直线外一点到直线的垂线段的长度叫做点到直线的距离;(9) 过一点有且只有一条直线与已知直线垂直;(10) 过一点有且只有一条直线与已知直线平行;(11) 两直线不相交就平行;(12) 互为邻补角的两个角的平分线互相垂直。练习

5、:下列说法正确的是( )A、相等的角是对顶角 B、直线外一点到直线的垂线段叫点到直线的距离C、两条直线相交,有一对对顶角互补,则两条直线互相垂直。D、过一点有且只有一条直线与已知直线平行考点二:相关推理(识记)(1)ac,bc(已知) _ _( )(2)1=2,2=3(已知) _ =_( )(3)1+2=180,2=30(已知) 1=_( )(4)1+2=90,2=22(已知) 1=_( )(5)如图(1),AOC=55(已知) BOD=_( )(6)如图(1),AOC=55(已知) BOC=_( )(7)如图(1),AOC=AOD,AOC+AOD=180(已知) ab11234ab.ACBB

6、OC=_( ) (1) (2) (3) (4)(8)如图(2),ab(已知) 1=_( )(9)如图(2),1=_(已知) ab( )(10)如图(3),点C为线段AB的中点 AC=_( )(11) 如图(3),AC=BC点C为线段AB的中点( )(12)如图(4),ab(已知) 1=2( )(13)如图(4),ab(已知) 1=3( )(14)如图(4),ab(已知) 1+4= ( )(15)如图(4),1=2(已知) ab( )(16)如图(4),1=3(已知) ab( )(17)如图(4),1+4= (已知) ab( )考点三:对顶角、邻补角的判断、相关计算例题1:如图51,直线AB、C

7、D相交于点O,对顶角有_对,它们分别是_,AOD的邻补角是_。例题2:如图52,直线l1,l2和l3相交构成8个角,已知1=5,那么,5是_的对顶角,与5相等的角有1、_,与5互补的角有_。例题3:如图53,直线AB、CD相交于点O,射线OE为BOD的平分线,BOE=30,则AOE为_。图51 图52 图53考点四:同位角、内错角、同旁内角的识别例题1:如图2-44,1和4是AB、 DC 被 BE 所截得的 同位 角,3和5是 AB 、 BC 被 AC 所截得的 同旁内 角,2和5是 AB 、 DC 被AC 所截得的 内错 角,AC、BC被AB所截得的同旁内角是 4和5 .例题2:如图2-45

8、,AB、DC被BD所截得的内错角是 1和5 ,AB、CD被AC所截是的内错角是 8和4 ,AD、BC被BD所截得的内错角是 6和2 ,AD、BC被AC所截得的内错角是 7和3 。例题3:如图126所示AEBD,1=32,2=25,求C考点五:平行线的判定、性质的综合应用(逻辑推理训练)例题1:如图9,已知DFAC,C=D,要证AMB=2,请完善证明过程,并在括号内填上相应依据:DFAC(已知),D=1( )C=D(已知),1=C( )DBEC( )AMB=2( )A1BCDEFGH例题2:如图,直线AB、CD被直线EF所截,AEF+CFE=180,1=2,则图中的H与G相等吗?说明你的理由.考

9、点六:特殊平行线相关结论例题1:已知,如图:AB/CD,试探究下列各图形中.ABCDP(1)ABCDP(2)ABCDP(3)ABCP(4)考点七:探究、操作题例题:(2007年福州中考)(阅读理解题)直线ACBD,连结AB,直线AC,BD及线段AB把平面分成、四个部分,规定:线上各点不属于任何部分当动点P落在某个部分时,连结PA,PB,构成PAC,APB,PBD三个角(提示:有公共端点的两条重合的射线所组成的角是0角)(1)当动点P落在第部分时,求证:APB =PAC +PBD;(2)当动点P落在第部分时,APB =PAC +PBD是否成立(直接回答成立或不成立)?(3)当动点P在第部分时,全

10、面探究PAC,APB,PBD之间的关系,并写出动点P的具体位置和相应的结论选择其中一种结论加以证明 【直击中考】一.选择题1(2012临沂)如图,ABCD,DBBC,1=40,则2的度数是()2(2012张家界)如图,直线a、b被直线c所截,下列说法正确的是()A当1=2时,一定有ab B当ab时,一定有1=2C当ab时,一定有1+2=90 D当1+2=180时,一定有ab4(2012山西)如图,直线ABCD,AF交CD于点E,CEF=140,则A等于()5(2012潜江)如图,ABCD,A=48,C=22则E等于()6.(2012十堰)图,直线BDEF,AE与BD交于点C,若ABC=30,B

11、AC=75,则CEF的大小为()7(2012宜昌)如图,将三角尺与直尺贴在一起,使三角尺的直角顶点C(ACB=90)在直尺的一边上,若1=60,则2的度数等于()8(2012海南)小明同学把一个含有450角的直角三角板在如图所示的两条平行线上,测得,则的度数是【 】A450 B550 C650 D7509(2012连云港)如图,将三角尺的直角顶点放在直线a上,ab,150,260,则3的度数为()10.(2012重庆)已知:如图,BD平分ABC,点E在BC上,EF/AB若CEF=100,则ABD的度数为( )11.(2012玉林)如图,与,都相交,1=50,则2=12.(2012吉林)如图,在

12、RtABC中,C=90D为边CA延长线上的一点,DEAB,ADE=42,则B的大小为13.(2012衡阳)如图,直线a直线c,直线b直线c,若1=70,则2=()14.(2012呼和浩特)如图,已知ab,1=65,则2的度数为15.(2012内江)如图1,( )16.(2012绥化)如图,ABED,ECF=70o,则BAF的度数为( ) A130o B110o C70o D20o17. (2012广元)一辆汽车在公路上行驶,两次拐弯后,仍在原来的方向上平行行驶,那么两个拐弯的角度可能为【 】A. 先向左转130,再向左转50 B. 先向左转50,再向右转50C. 先向左转50,再向右转40 D

13、. 先向左转50,再向左转4018.(2012盐城)一只因损坏而倾斜的椅子,从背后看到的形状如图,其中两组对边的平行关系没有发生变化,若1=750,则2的大小是第6题图待添加的隐藏文字内容219(2012杭州)如图,在RtABO中,斜边AB=1若OCBA,AOC=36,则()A点B到AO的距离为sin54 B点B到AO的距离为tan36C点A到OC的距离为sin36sin54D点A到OC的距离为cos36sin5420(2012泰安)如图,在平行四边形ABCD中,过点C的直线CEAB,垂足为E,若EAD=53,则BCE的度数为()21.(2012东营)下图能说明12的是( ) 12)A.21)

14、D.12)B.12)C.二.填空题22.(2012河北)14、如图7,AB,CD相交于点O,AC与点,若BOD=38,则A等于_。23(2012义乌市)如图,已知ab,小亮把三角板的直角顶点放在直线b上若1=40,则2的度数为5024(2012长沙)如图,ABCDEF,那么BAC+ACE+CEF=360度25(2012宜宾)如图,已知1=2=3=59,则4= 26.(2012贵阳)如图,已知1=2,则图中互相平行的线段是 .ADBC1227(2012宁波)如图,AEBD,C是BD上的点,且AB=BC,ACD=110,则EAB=40度28(2012成都)如图,将ABCD的一边BC延长至E,若A=

15、110,则1=_三.解答题29(2012益阳)如图,已知AEBC,AE平分DAC求证:AB=ACWinger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sid

16、es boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it

17、 is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby

18、 union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th a

19、nniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened

20、 disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. I

21、n a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm -

22、 winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilomete

23、rs), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I w

24、ould assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeat

25、ed itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stu

26、ff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been prepara

27、tion for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.

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