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1、1,suffered from tonsillitis,after 10 days,an eight-year-old boy,case,hematuria,edema,Childs,mothers,2,?,3,郑州大学第一附属医院儿内科,急性肾小球肾炎Acute glomerulonephritis,AGN,4,To be familiar with the etiology of AGNTo be familiar with the pathogenesis of AGNTo master the clinical manifestation of AGNTo master the dia
2、gnosis and treatment of AGNTo be familiar with the course and prognosis of AGN,purpose and requirement,急性肾小球肾炎,5,指一组病因不一,临床表现为急性起病,多有前期感染,以血尿为主,伴不同程度的蛋白尿,可有水肿.高血压或肾功能不全等特点的肾小球疾病。,introduction,急性肾小球肾炎,水肿 edema少尿 oliguria 血尿 hematuria高血压 hypertension,6,introduction,急性肾小球肾炎,绝大多数为A组溶血性链球菌感染后所致,称之为acute
3、poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis(APSGN)。514岁儿童好发。其中以上呼吸道感染和扁桃体炎最常见,占51%,脓皮病或皮肤感染次之,占25.8%。,7,其他如葡萄球菌、肺炎球菌、麻疹病毒、流感病毒及腮腺炎病毒也可引起急性肾炎,但较少见。,绝大多数为A组溶血性链球菌的某些致肾炎菌株(nephritogenic streptococci)感染后所致。,M蛋白肾炎菌株协同蛋白内链球菌素,致肾炎菌株的抗原成分,8,pathogenesis,急性肾小球肾炎,循环免疫复合物 circulating immune complexes原位免疫复合物 insitu im
4、mune complexes自身免疫 autoimmunization 链球菌神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase,NM),细胞免疫 cellular immunity非免疫因素(如激肽释放酶和前列腺素),自身抗原,9,pathogenesis,急性肾小球肾炎,Inflammation infection,10,急性肾小球肾炎,pathology,AGN病理模式图,proliferation of both endothelial and mesangial cell Infiltration of leukocytes antigen antibody complex deposits(h
5、umps)in the subepithelial space,Characteristic of pathology,11,急性肾小球肾炎,pathology,PASM-HE染色 400 正常,12,pathology,急性肾小球肾炎,13,pathology,急性肾小球肾炎,14,急性肾小球肾炎,pathogenesis,antigen antibody complex,complementcytokine,15,clinical manifestation,急性肾小球肾炎,前驱感染(prodrome)-呼吸道感染和皮肤感染 tonsillitis/cutaneous infection,
6、*不同感染所致APSGN的差异,Summer,autumn,Winter,spring,season,49,55,57,12,1,4,serotype of streptococci,respiratory tract infection,cutaneous infection,16,最早出现和最常见的症状 下行性 非凹陷性,急性肾小球肾炎,typical manifestation-水肿 edema,clinical manifestation,Edema is the most frequent and sometimes the only clinical finding.It may
7、be either local or generalized.,17,急性肾小球肾炎,typical manifestation-尿量减少oliguria or anuria,clinical manifestation,*各年龄期正常尿量及少尿/无尿的标准(单位:ml/d),18,microscopic hematuria,急性肾小球肾炎,typical manifestation-血尿 hematuria,clinical manifestation,gross hematuria,19,高血压判断,typical manifestation-高血压 hypertension,Hypert
8、ension is the third cardinal feature of APSGN and is reported in 50-90%of children who are hospitalized with AGN,20,高血压脑病 hypertensive encephalopathy,21,急性肾小球肾炎,severe manifestation,严重循环充血 severe circulatory congestion,22,*肾小球肾炎时循环充血与心肌泵衰竭的区别,急性肾小球肾炎,severe manifestation,23,急性肾功能不全 acute renal failu
9、re,GFR,anuriaoliguria少尿或无尿,ARF,azotemia氮质血症,metabolic acidosis代谢性酸中毒,electrolyte disturbance电解质紊乱,BUN Cr,低钠、低钙、低氯高钾、高镁、高磷,Fortunately,anuria or severe and persistent oliguria is usually transient,24,非典型表现 atypical manifestation,25,26,laboratory examination,Urinalysis尿常规:RBC+WBC+尿蛋白+尿沉渣:透明、颗粒和细胞管型;2/
10、3病例 RBC管型,急性肾小球肾炎,27,laboratory examination,Hemogram Anemia WBC增高或正常 ESR(代表疾病活动,23m恢复,增高程度与疾病严重度无关)Renal function BUN、Scr,急性肾小球肾炎,28,laboratory examination,抗链球菌抗体 ASO(70%)1014d开始,35w达高峰,36m恢复 抗双磷酸吡啶核苷酸酶(ADPNase)抗透明质酸酶(ASH)抗链球菌DNA酶B(ADNaseB)(90%),急性肾小球肾炎,29,laboratory examination,Serum complement C3在
11、2周内,6-8周内恢复Renal biopsy 病理:毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎,急性肾小球肾炎,30,diagnosis,典型表现诊断:起病前1-3周有链球菌前驱感染 少尿、水肿、血尿、高血压 尿检查有蛋白、RBC和管型 血C3,伴或不伴ASO升高非典型表现诊断:起病前1-3周有链球菌前驱感染 ASO 血C3在2周内,8周内恢复,急性肾小球肾炎,31,病毒性肾炎 IgA肾病 慢性肾炎急性发作 急进性肾炎 特发性肾病综合征,diagnosis,急性肾小球肾炎,32,diagnosis,急性肾小球肾炎,33,treatment,principle 本病为自限性疾病,无特效治疗,主要在于休息和对症
12、治疗,纠正其病理生理过程(如水钠潴留、血容量过大),防治急性期并发症、保护肾功能,以利其自然恢复。,急性肾小球肾炎,34,treatment,休息 起病2周内卧床休息 水肿消退、血压正常、血尿消失后可下床活动 ESR正常后(2-3月)可上学,避免剧烈活动 Addis计数正常后(4-8月)可正常活动,急性肾小球肾炎,35,treatment,饮食 尿少、水肿期 限盐(60m g/kg.d)氮质血症期 限蛋白(0.5g/kg.d)抗感染 青霉素 5万u/kg.d im Bid,连用10-14天 红霉素,急性肾小球肾炎,36,treatment,对症处理 1、水肿 尿少、水肿显著可口服双氢克尿噻 尿
13、少显著伴BUN可应用速尿 2、高血压 首选硝苯地平,0.2-0.3mg/Kg.次,口服或 舌下含化,3次/日 肼苯达嗪,1-2mg/Kg.D,分3次,急性肾小球肾炎,37,treatment,四、严重病例的治疗 1、hypertensive encephalopathy 降压、止惊、脱水 降压用硝普钠:25mg硝普钠加入5%G.S 500mL,以 0.02mL/Kg.min(1 g/kg)ivgtt;无效可增加滴速,最快 0.16mL/kg.min,急性肾小球肾炎,38,treatment,2、severe circulatory congestion 限水、利尿、降压、强心、腹膜或 血液透析
14、 3、acute renal failure 量入为出,处理水过多、高钾血症、酸中毒 透析治疗,急性肾小球肾炎,39,Prognosis,95%急性链球菌肾炎患儿预后良好,可完全康复。仅极少数在急性期肾损害严重、肾衰竭持续较长时间可发展为慢性肾炎和慢性肾衰竭。,急性肾小球肾炎,40,prognosis,改善居住环境,提高卫生水平,及时治疗化脓性感染。,急性肾小球肾炎,41,患儿9岁,男,以浮肿、尿少一周入院。近一天头痛,呕吐,眼花,呼吸急促,发绀,端坐呼吸,测血压160/110mmHg,心率140次/分,两肺可闻及水泡音,其紧急处理应首选A.利血平与地高辛B.利血平与抗菌素C.甘露醇与地高辛D
15、.甘露醇与肾上腺皮质激素E.硝普纳与速尿,急性肾小球肾炎,42,2 急性肾小球肾炎早期,患儿血中补体多下降,其原因最主要是A.原发性补体合成障碍B.补体从尿中排出增多C.补体参与反应时消耗D.补体活性降低,难以检出E.以上都不是,急性肾小球肾炎,43,为什么说急性肾小球肾炎是一种非感染性疾病?急性肾小球肾炎的典型临床表现和严重表现分别是什么?为什么红色尿不一定是“血尿”,而“血尿”不一定是红色?为什么急性链球菌感染后的肾小球肾炎ASO也不一定增高?,相关英文教材1、Nelson textbook of pediatrics.16th edition2、http:/,44,The end,Thank you!,