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1、Good afternoon,Preview questions,1.How are English consonants classified?2.How are English Vowels classified?3.What are phonemes and allophones?,1,Morphology,Chapter 3,The system of language,3,Sounds,Phonemes,Morphemes,Phrase,clause,Sentences,Discourses,Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Pragmati
2、cs,Key points,Definition of morphology Definition of morphemes Classifications of morphemes The formation of words,4,3.1 Definition of a word,A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Zhang Weiyou(1999)a minimum free form Stability-internal
3、 structure(cant rearrange)relative uninterruptibility-internal structure(cant insert),5,3.1 Classification of words(1),Basic word stock&non-basic vocabularyContent words&functional wordsNative words&borrowed wordsvariable words&invariable wordsopen-class words&closed-class words traditional parts of
4、 speech&additional four categories,6,Classification of words(2),variable words&invariable words(variability)variable words:the words whose form is changeable,words which might appear in different inflective and derivative forms,v.n.-invariable words:the words whose form is unchangeable,words which u
5、sually occur in the same form such as:since,in,for,of,at,on,7,Classification of words(3),open-class words&closed-class words(membership)-open-class words:membership is unlimited,n.v.(economic words,scientific words.)-closed-class words:membership is comparatively limited.Pronouns,conj,prep.Articles.
6、,8,Classification of words(4),traditional parts of speech&additional four categories-traditional parts of speech:N.v.adj.Adv.Prep.Conj.Interj.Article,9,Additional four categories,Particles:小品词 infinite maker to,negative maker not,subordinate units in verbal phrases.Auxiliaries:助词(助动词、情态动词)Pro-form 代
7、词形式 pro-v.pro-adj.e.g.He likes the animal,so do i.e.g.The desk is white,so is the chair.Determiners 限定词 the,a,some,all e.g.all the beautiful Chinese girls,10,3.2 The formation of word,Preview questions:1.What is morphology?2.What is morpheme?What is the biggest difference between morpheme and phonem
8、e?3.How can we classify morphemes?,11,3.2.1 Morphology,Definition:the study of word-formation,or the internal structure of words,or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components:morphemes.,12,The Grammar of Words,sentenceclausephrasewordmorphemesound,Morphology,For example:Verbs are fo
9、rmed by adding ify to either an adjective(adj.)or a noun(n.)在形容詞或名詞加-ify變成動詞,13,*simple(adj.),simplify(v)簡化,*quality(n),*identity(n),identify(v)認出,qualify(v)使具有資格,3.2.1 Morphemes,14,Definition:The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.The smallest meaningful components of wo
10、rds.E.g.:boyish孩子氣的;男孩似的 boy,-ish(two morphemes),3.2.2 Types of morphemes(1),Those that may constitute words by themselves,自由形式的詞素本身就是一個詞，可以單獨使用 e.g.:boy,girl,table,nation.,15,Free morphemes,PK,Bound morphemes,Those that cannot occur alone,Bound morpheme includes two types:roots and affixes.e.g.:-s
11、in dogs,-ed in worked,dis-in dislike,un-in unable.,Types of morphemes(2),16,A certain affix here refers to an inflectional affix:grammatical endings,rootstem affix,the part which is attached to other words;usually bound morphemesthe part left when all the affixes are removedthe part left when a cert
12、ain affix is removed,Types of morphemes(2):Root,Root:the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity,E.g.:friend as in unfriendliness.Roots may be:Free:those that can stand by themselves,E.g.:black+board;nation+-al;orbound:those that cannot stand by themselves,
13、E.g.:-ceive in receive,perceive,conceive.,17,Types of morphemes(2):Affix,Affix:normally divided into:Prefix(dis-,un-)prefixes occur at the beginning of a word.suffix(-en,-ify)at the endinfix(foot-feet)in the middle,18,Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem,but usually do not change the part of spee
14、ch of the original word.Exceptions are the prefixes be-,and en(m)-.Added to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs,for example：,19,Prefix 前綴,mis-誤 mistake 誤解 over-過分 overdo 做得過分,little,belittle,large,enlarge,body,embody,Suffixes,Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in man
15、y cases change its part of speech.Accordingly,there are noun-forming suffixes,adjective-forming suffixes,adverb-forming suffixes,and verb-forming suffixes.,20,-er teacher,writer-ician“.(專)家,.工作者”electrician電工-bility“能力”possibility可能性-hood“時期”childhood幼年時期,童年時期,Suffixes,-age“(人生的)某一時期”orphanage孤兒-ary
16、(adj)elementary基本的,secondary第二位的-ful(adj)beautiful美麗的,delightful愉悅的,sorrowful悲傷的-en(V 使.)weaken使變弱,darken,deepen-ize(v 化)modernize使現代化-ly(adj+-ly=adv n+-ly=adj)slowly慢慢地,friendly友善的-ward(往方向)forward(adv)往前,eastward往東,21,Types of morphemes(2):Stem,Stem:a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which
17、an inflectional affix may be added,e.g.:friend+-s;write+-ing,possibility+-es.,22,A stem can be a bound root,a free morpheme,or a derived form itself.e.g.:*toler-(root)+affix ate:tolerate忍受*quick(free morpheme)+affix ly:quickly*careless(a derived form)+affix less,Types of morphemes(3),Inflectional af
18、fix:Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers,signifying such concepts as tense,number,case etc.e.g.:-ed,-s,-erHe had regular features.他五官端正。You will be for the high jump when whey find out youve crashed the firms car.higher education 高等教育,23,Inflectional morphemes,PK,De
19、rivational morphemes,Types of morphemes(3),Derivational affix:Bound morpheme which change the category or grammatical class of words.Added to other morphemes to create new wordse.g.:inter+language interlanguagein+visible invisiblesoft+en softenspeak+er speaker,24,3.2.3 Word-formation,25,(1)Inflectio
20、n,Nominal forms:boys,boysVerb forms:wants,wanted,wantingAdjective/adverb forms:smaller,smallest“Inflection”:is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect,and case,which does not change the grammatical class of t
21、he items to which they are attached.,26,(2)Word formation a.Compound,Two or more free roots combine to make a new word.Noun compounds:daybreak,playboy,haircut,windmillVerb compounds:brainstorm,lipread,baby-sitAdjective compounds:gray-haired,insect-eating,duty-free,27,Endocentric e.g.self-control:a k
22、ind of controlarmchair:a kind of chairExocentric:there is no head,so not a relationship of“a kind of something”,e.g.scarecrow:not a kind of crowbreakneck:not a kind of neck,28,b.Derivation,Class-changing:NV:lengthen,hospitalize,discardNA:friendly,delightful,speechlessVN:worker,employee,inhabitantVA:acceptable,adorableAN:rapidness,rapidityAV:deafen,sweetenAdjAdv:exactly,quickly,29,b.Derivation,Class-preserving:NN:nonsmoker,ex-wife,bookletVV:disobey,unfastenAA:grayish,irrelevant,30,Class preserving,
