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1、Water“The Forgotten Nutrient”,P.A.Thacker,水-被遗忘的营养,Functions of Water水的功能,Temperature Regulation体温调节Transportation运输Chemical Reactions生化反应Lubrication润滑剂Protection保护,Sources of Water For Swine猪体内水的来源,Drinking Water饮水Water in Feed饲料中的水Metabolic Water代谢产生的水,Routes of Water Excretion水排泄的途径,Lungs肺Skin皮肤K
2、idney肾脏Feces粪便,Factors Affecting Water Requirements影响水需求的因素,Environmental Temperature环境温度Relative Humidity相对湿度Health of Pig猪健康状况Amount of Feed Consumed采食量Protein Content of Diet食物的蛋白含量Salt Content of Diet食物中盐的含量Water Content of Diet食物的水分含量Water Salinity水中的盐含量,Reasons for Reduced Water Consumption造成饮
3、水下降的原因,Low Water Pressure水压低Rusted or Blocked Pipes铁锈或杂物堵塞管道Frozen Water Lines结冰Water Supply Turned Off水源关闭Too Many Pigs in Pen猪的密度过大,水流量不够,水流量不够,水管漏水,饮水设施不健全,Symptoms of Water Deprivation缺水的征兆,Reduced Feed Intake采食量下降Increased Heart Rate心跳过快Increased Body Temperature体温升高Increased Respiration呼吸急促Dea
4、th死亡,Never Restrict Water Intake of Pigs猪绝对不要限水,Estimated Water Requirements水的需要量,Cleary,(1983),Pederson,(1994),Lumb,(1998),Suckling Pigs乳猪,-,1-2,0.27,Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪,3-5,1-5,1.2,Grow/Finish育肥猪,5-7,5-10,5-6,Gestating怀孕母猪,12-15,12-20,5-8,Lactating泌乳母猪,18-23,25-35,15-30,Recommended Water Flow Rates
5、for Swine(L/min)水流量推荐,Gadd,(1988),Carr,(1993),Pederson,(1994),Suckling Pigs乳猪,0.25,0.30,0.5,Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪,0.50,0.7,0.5-0.8,30 kg Grow育成猪,0.66,1.0,0.8,70 kg Finish育肥猪,0.75,1.5,1.2,Gestating Sows怀孕母猪,2.25,1.5-2.0,1.5-2.0,Lactating Sows泌乳母猪,2.25,2.5,4.0,Suckling Pigs乳猪,Relationship between water co
6、nsumption in first week and preweaning mortality 第一周的饮水量与断奶前的死亡率相关High water intake stimulates creep feed consumption 饮水增加刺激采食量的增加,Water Use by Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪水的饮水量,Affected by water nipple position 受水嘴位置的影响Water use higher with higher flow rate水压越高饮水量越大Consume more water with pelleted diets than
7、with mash吃颗粒料比吃粉料的饮水量大,Calculation of Daily Water Intake of Weanling Pigs(L/day)断奶仔猪饮水量的计算,Water Intake饮水量=1.49+(3.053 daily feed intake in kg)每天采食量Brooks et al.,1984,Effect of Flow Rate of Water on Weanling Pig Performance水流速对生产性能的影响,Water Delivery Rate(mls/minute)水流速,175,350,450,700,Time Spent Dri
8、nking(min)饮水耗时,4.46,2.97,2.93,2.32,Water Intake(L/day)饮水量,0.78,1.04,1.32,1.63,Feed Intake(g/day)采食量,303,323,341,347,Daily Gain(g/day)日增重,210,235,250,247,Feed Efficiency饲料效率,1.48,1.39,1.37,1.42,Topplis and Tibble,1994,Effect of Dry or Liquid Feeding on Weanling Pig Performance干喂与湿喂对生产性能的影响,Dry Feed干料
9、,Liquid Feed湿料,Feed Intake(g/day)采食量,545,654,Daily Gain(g/day)日增重,397,454,Feed Efficiency料肉比,1.37,1.44,Total Water Usage总水量,(ml/pig/day),1499,2028,Effluent Production污水产生,(ml/pig/day),982,1189,Russell et al.,1996,Effect of Type of Drinker on Weanling Pig Performance不同饮水方式对生产性能的影响,Control Nipple,Drin
10、kers,Experimental,Turkey Drinkers,Starting Weight(kg)初始体重,6.2,6.2,Finishing Weight(kg)末尾体重,22.1,23.7,Daily gain(g)日增重,388,427,Daily Feed Intake(g)日采食量,686,738,Feed Efficiency料肉比,1.77,1.73,Gadd,1997,Growing-Finishing Pigs生长育肥猪,A high delivery rate(900 cm3/min)increased water use compared with a low d
11、elivery rate(300 cm3/min).水流量越大饮水量越大Increasing the number of nipples per pen from one to two had no effect on performance.水嘴增加对生产性能无影响Water use increased at temperatures over 30 C.温度超过30度后饮水增加,Water Consumption of Lactating Sows泌乳母猪的饮水,18 kg,Lightfoot,1978,18 kg,Lightfoot and,Armsby,1984,20 kg,Bauer
12、,1982,25 kg,Riley,1978,Effect of Water Flow Rate on the Performance of Lactating Sows(ml/min)不同水流对泌乳母猪性能的影响,70,700,Sow Lactation Weight Loss(kg)失重,26.8,18.6,Sow Feed Intake(kg/day)采食量,3.7,4.4,Piglet Weaning Weight(kg)仔猪断奶重,6.0,6.4,Hoppe et al.,1987,Factors Affecting Water Quality影响水质的因素,Dissolved Mi
13、nerals溶解矿物Toxic Elements有毒物质Pesticide Residues农药残留Pathogenic Organisms病原微生物Industrial Wastes工业废物Fecal Material粪便污染,Water Quality Standards For Livestock水源要求,Parameter参数,Good Quality高品质,Satisfactory一般,TDS(ug/ml)总矿物,100-1500,1500-3000,Hardness(ug/ml)硬度,0-20,200-500,Calcium(ug/ml)钙,0-100,150,Magnesium(
14、ug/ml)镁,0-100,Sodium(ug/ml)钠,0-300,300-500,Alkalinity(ug/ml)碱度,0-500,500-1000,Sulfates(ug/ml)硫酸盐,0-500,500-1000,Nitrates(ug/ml)硝酸盐,0-90,100,pH,7-8.5,6.5-9.5,Iron(ug/ml)铁,0-0.3,0.3-1.0,Techniques to Reduce Water Wastage减少水源浪费的技术,Improve Drinker Design(ie wings,angle)改善水嘴设计Install Drinker in Proper Location in Pen 水嘴安装于正确的位置Avoid Excessive Flow Rates 水不要过量Ensure Proper Diet Formulation(avoid excess salt and protein)正确的饲料配方Stop Water Leaks 减少泄露,
