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1、民法“物”的研究 民法“物”的研究 Research on Thing in Civil Law 【摘要】 本文以我国物权法的横空出世和民法典的呼之欲出为背景和契机,提出一系列关于“物”的界定问题,从中锁定民法“物”作为研究对象,深刻剖析这一概念产生、发展及演变的历史源流,揭示人类对民法“物”的认知轨迹;同时,提炼罗马法与德国法的精髓,结合当今的时代特征和我国的实际情况,重新建构民法“物”的理论体系。全文包括引论、正文和结论三部分。引论部分提出问题,明确研究对象,粗略介绍国内外的研究现状,并阐释本文的研究的目的、意义及思考路径。正文部分是全文的主体,包括四个部分,主要以民法“物”的萌芽、发展、
2、演进为线索,从罗马法到传统民法再到现代民法,一步步接近民法“物”的本体,还原其本来面目。第一部分,民法“物”的语源罗马法上的“物(Res)”。首先,从思想渊源、社会现实和法学研究等方面总结出“物(Res)”产生的三大基础,以此论证罗马法上的“物(Res)”既是古希腊自然理性思想的产物,又是古罗马社会现实生活的反映。其次,以罗马法对“物(Res)”的两种不同理解和两类重要划分为依托,揭示“物(Res)”的准确含义与真正内涵,并分析其本质属性和结构体系。最后,将罗马法对“物(Res)”的研究成果放置到人类法治文明的大背景下加以考察,彰显罗马法学家举世无双的法律智慧和空前绝后的丰功伟绩,同时得出一个
3、至关重要的判断:民法“物”的概念形成于罗马法,也基本成熟于罗马法。第二部分,民法“物”的历史流变西方两大法系中的“物”。近代以后,随着权利意识的增强和权利本位的确立,物法逐渐被财产法所取代,“物”也随之沦为“财产”与“客体”的下位概念,身不由己地接受了各国法律的改造,在大陆法系和英美法系产生了截然不同的分流和变异。其中,德国人对“物”的改造最为彻底,也最有特色,其功过得失都值得我们深思和反省。第三部分,民法“物”的理论重构。这是本文的重中之重,此前的论述都是在为它造势、奠基和铺路,或者更准确地说,是为重新认识和界定民法“物”提供必要的理论基础和历史借鉴。本部分的论证分三段:1.传统理论的“内忧
4、外患”。以传统民法的狭义物观念为重点批判对象,深刻揭露其自身存在的内在缺陷,并分析其在现代高科技条件下所面临的现实困境。2.民法“物”的重新界定。首先,从含义上将民法“物”定义为“能够为民事主体直接支配和排他享有的财产权利”;其次,明确提出民法“物”的本质(或内涵)是“财产”,是蕴含其中的价值和利益,而不是物质本身,更不是看得着摸得着的物体外观。最后,以有体物为核心,从五个方面拓展民法“物”的外延。3.民法“物”的全面解读。主要从本质属性、基本特征和结构体系三个方面加以阐释。有必要特别指出的是,本文还将民法“物”与债权和知识产权的客体做了本质的区分。第四部分,民法“物”在我国物权法上的投影。从
5、物权法中撷取几条颇具代表性的规定加以论述,作为尚未正式亮相的民法“物”在我国的投影,从侧面印证本文的观点。结论部分总括全文,从中梳理出七个方面的重要结论。指出对民法“物”的研究是一项重大而艰巨的系统工程,号召更多的人们关注这一课题,群策群力地攻克难关【Abstract】 This thesis, based on the promulgation of Law of Peoples Republic of China on Real Right and the prospective issue of Code of Peoples Republic of China Civil Law, a
6、ttempts to define and interpret the questions concerning“thing”, esp.“thing”in civil law, then explore in depth the historical origination, development, and evolution of the said concept, and reveal Mans cognitive track to“thing”in civil law. The ultimate goal of the thesis is to reestablish a theor
7、etical system of“thing”in civil law by extracting the essence of Roman Law and German Civil Law on the basis of the characteristics of the 21st century and Chinas current situation.The thesis is composed of three parts. It begins with an Introduction, elaborates in the Second PartBody, and concludes
8、 in the Third Part.Problems are posed in the Introduction Part, and therefore the subject of the thesis is pondered and determined. The domestic and abroad status quo of the concerned topic is briefly introduced, and so are the purposes, significance and methodology of this writing.The Second Part,
9、which includes four sections, is lineated with the rudiment, development, and evolution of“thing”in civil law. The explicit and genuine revelation of the concept is realized by starting from Roman Law to traditional civil law, and at last to modern civil law from four perspectives as follows:Firstly
10、, the etymology of“thing”in civil law“Res”in Roman Law is elaborated by presenting the authors original ideas. The three foundations of the“Res”productionthought sources, social reality, and legal research are explored and evidence has shown that“Res”in Roman Law is not only the offspring of the nat
11、ural law in ancient Greek but also the reflection of ancient Roman society. And then the genuine connotation of the concept of“Res”is unearthed and its natural properties and mechanics in depth analyzed on the basis of two important interpretations and classifications of“Res”in Roman Law. At last, a
12、 significant conclusion for this part is reached that“thing”in civil law generated from Roman Law and matured thereof by examining the research findings of“Res”in Roman Law in Mans legal civilization.Secondly, the historical deviation of“thing”in civil law“thing”in two major legal systems in the Wes
13、t is dealt with. With the increase in right awareness and establishment of right standard, law on real right has been gradually replaced by property law, and subsequently“thing”becomes a subordinate concept of“property”and“object”,reformed throughout the world with distinctive difference in the Cont
14、inental legal system and Anglo-American legal system. Among all the reforms, the modification of“thing”by Germans is most remarkable and the pros and cons should be pondered and could be significantly referenced.Thirdly, the theory of“thing”in civil law is reestablished based on the previous detaile
15、d analyses and exploration. Three aspects are dealed with: 1) The classic theoretical system is challenged by criticizing the inherent defects of the narrow-sensed concept of“thing”in traditional civil law and analyzing the dilemma when it comes to modern high technology. 2)“Thing”in civil law is re
16、fined.“Thing”in civil law is in nature property bearing value and interest, not“thing”itself, to say nothing of the appearance of the“seeable and touchable”“thing”, which is its unchangeable essence. Additionally,“thing”in civil law can be defined as“the property interest directly ruled by the civil
17、 subject”. At last,“thing”in civil law can be interpreted from five aspects focusing on res corporals. 3) A comprehensive construal of“thing”in civil law is presented from such three aspects as the natural property, fundamental characteristics and structural mechanics. It is necessary to highlight t
18、hat the intrinsic difference of the“thing”in civil law and the“objects”of the right of credit and right of intellectual property is also distinguished and analyzed.Fourthly, the reflection of“thing”in civil law in Law of Peoples Republic of China on Real Right is studied. Several typical provisions
19、from Law of Peoples Republic of China on Real Right are closely examined to support the opinions previously proposed.The Conclusion Part summarizes the whole thesis from seven aspects, emphasizes the significance of the essence of“thing”in civil law, and calls on the greater attention to this topic.
20、 【关键词】 民法; 物; 财产; 无体物; 物权法 【Key words】 civil law; thing; property; res incorporales; Law on Real Right 民法“物”的研究摘要 3-5 ABSTRACT 5-6 1 引论 9-16 1.1 问题的提出及研究的意义 9-11 1.1.1 问题的提出 9-10 1.1.2 研究的意义 10-11 1.2 国内外研究现状 11-13 1.2.1 国外研究现状 11-12 1.2.2 国内研究现状 12-13 1.3 本文的研究目的和思考路径 13-16 1.3.1 研究目的 13-14 1.3.2 思
21、考路径 14-16 2 民法“物”的语源罗马法上的“物（RES）” 16-28 2.1 “物（RES）”的立论基础 16-19 2.1.1 哲学基础：古希腊斯多噶学派的自然理性思想 16-17 2.1.2 物质基础：古罗马高度发达的简单商品经济 17-18 2.1.3 法学基础：罗马法学家的真知灼见和法律创举 18-19 2.2 “物（RES）”的内涵外延 19-25 2.2.1 “物（Res）”的含义：广狭二义与两种划分 19-21 2.2.2 “物（Res）”与“财产”的内在联系 21-22 2.2.3 “物（Res）”的本质属性 22-23 2.2.4 “物（Res）”的结构体系 23-
22、25 2.3 “物（RES）”的综合评价 25-28 3 民法“物”的历史流变西方两大法系中的“物” 28-36 3.1 罗马法的复兴与物法的演变 28-30 3.1.1 罗马法复兴 28-29 3.1.2 从物法到财产法 29-30 3.2 民法“物”在大陆法系的变迁 30-34 3.2.1 从“物”到“财产”法国民法典上的“物” 30-32 3.2.2 从“物”到“有体物”德国民法典上的“物” 32-34 3.3 民法“物”在英美法系的变迁 34-36 4 民法“物”的理论重构 36-48 4.1 传统理论的“内忧外患” 36-39 4.1.1 传统民法“物”的广狭二义 36-37 4.1
23、.2 狭义“物”观念的内在缺陷 37-38 4.1.3 狭义“物”观念的现实困境 38-39 4.2 民法“物”的重新界定 39-43 4.2.1 民法“物”的含义界定 39-40 4.2.2 民法“物”的内涵界定 40-41 4.2.3 民法“物”的外延界定 41-43 4.3 民法“物”的全面解读 43-48 4.3.1 民法“物”的本质属性 43-45 4.3.2 民法“物”的基本特征 45-46 4.3.3 民法“物”的结构体系 46-48 5 民法“物”在我国物权法上的投影 48-53 5.1 民法”物”与中国的世纪情缘 48 5.2 民法“物”在我国的投影 48-53 5.2.1
24、第2 条第2 款前半段：观念转变的信号 49 5.2.2 第2 条第2 款后半段：“物”与“权利”对立统一 49-50 5.2.3 第49 条：想到了动物的法律地位之争 50-51 5.2.4 第50 条：“无体物”纳入物权法的规制之内 51 5.2.5 第65 条：看到了“虚拟物”的影子 51-52 5.2.6 第181 条：“将来物”可为物权客体 52-53 6 结论 53-57 6.1 主要结论 53-56 6.1.1 法学视野下“物”的概貌 53-54 6.1.2 民法“物”与“财产”的关系 54 6.1.3 “无体物”与“权利”的关系 54 6.1.4 人类对民法“物”的认知轨迹与本文的研究起点 54-55 6.1.5 “物”的来源与表现形态 55 6.1.6 民法“物”的内涵与本质属性 55 6.1.7 民法“物”的外延与结构体系 55-56 6.2 后续研究工作的展望 56-57 致谢 57-58 参考文献 58-61 附录 61
