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1、摘 要作为言语交际的一部分，恭维语在几乎所有文化中都占有一席之地。作为交际的“润滑剂”，它不仅可以使交流双方达成一致意见，缩短交际者之间的社会距离，而且还可以联络感情，维系社会正常的人际关系。然而在全球化日益发达的今天，来自不同文化的人们对恭维语的理解也不尽相同。在跨文化交际中，交际参与者有时甚至对如何给予或回应恭维感到十分困惑。有鉴于此，本文通过对比英汉恭维语在涉及话题、语言形式、作用以及英汉语中对恭维语不同的反应方略，试图找出二者之间的异同，以避免不必要的交际误解，使跨文化交际得以顺利进行。 关键词：a恭维语；b回应；c反应方略；d交际误解AbstractAs part of verbal
2、 communication, compliments can be found in almost all cultures. Acting as propellant of communication, they are not only served to increase or consolidate the solidarity between the speaker and addressee, which contributes to shortening the distance between the participants, but also a good way of
3、promoting personal feelings and keeping formal interpersonal relationships in society. In spite of the increasingly flourishing globalization, peoples views on compliments vary based on their different cultures. In cross-cultural communication, participants even may sometimes feel confused about how
4、 to make and respond to compliments. For this reason, by contrasting the topics they cover, linguistic form, functions, corresponding responses and communicative strategies in response, this paper attempts to find out the similarities and differences in English and Chinese in order to cut down the p
5、ossibility of unwanted communicative misunderstanding and promote success of cross-cultural communication.Keywords: a compliments; b responses; c communicative strategies; d communicative misunderstandingContents摘 要IAbstractIIContentsIII1 Introduction12 Contrast on Topics That Compliments Cover in t
6、he Two Languages22.1 Compliment Ones Appearance and Possession22.1.1 Differences in Complimenting Ones Appearance22.1.2 Reasons of the Differences in Complimenting Ones Appearance32.1.3 Differences in Complimenting Ones Family Members32.1.4 Reason of the Differences in Complimenting Ones Family Memb
7、ers32.2 Compliment Ones Ability and Achievements42.2.1 Differences in Complimenting Ones Ability and Achievements42.2.2 Reasons of Differences in Complimenting Ones Ability and Achievements53 Contrast on Linguistic Form in English and Chinese Compliments63.1 Syntactic Contrast on English and Chinese
8、 Compliments63.2 Lexical Contrast on English and Chinese Compliments74 Contrast on Functions in English and Chinese Compliments94.1 Functions of Compliments in English94.2 Functions of Compliments in Chinese94.3 Differences in Functions of Compliments in English and Chinese105 Contrastive Analysis o
9、f Responses to Compliments115.1 Responses to Compliments in English115.2 Responses to Compliments in Chinese126 Conclusion13Bibliography141 IntroductionIn every life, there are a number of speech acts we can choose to show positive politeness, such as greetings, friendly address terms and expression
10、s of concern. “A compliment is one of them, which notice and attend the hearers interests, wants, needs, good”(Holmes: 1988)Compliment is not only a very common linguistic phenomenon and most frequently used speech acts, but an important tool for the harmony in human relations. The word “compliment”
11、 in this paper does not mean flattery or praise, it refers to the positive evaluation on someone or something in social communication.When people discuss the differences of compliments in our two countries, it is widely believed that westerners are generous in giving compliments face-to-face and acc
12、epting them, They are inclined to show their emotions to someone else, so they are always ready to compliment. While the Chinese compliment each other less frequently than the British do on the whole. they are usually reserved to express their own feelings and weak in compliment others directly. Fur
13、thermore, westerners also make favorable comments on their own children, pets and even husbands, wives, boyfriends or girlfriends. But in contrast, the Chinese seldom make such compliments, and therefore, it is hard for them to understand and accept them.The common ways to respond to compliments are
14、 different in the two countries. Westerners tend to accept the compliments, at least in form, whereas the Chinese are used to effacing themselves in words, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments. In other words, the British prefer to convey their thanks directly while the Chinese li
15、ke to minimize themselves to achieve the same goal. In some cases, the British would feel embarrassed when their honest compliments are denied. It may give rise to misunderstanding in cross-cultural communication.2 Contrast on Topics That Compliments Cover in the Two LanguagesAccording to the viewpo
16、int of American linguists-Wolfson and Hethert, compliments usually cover two aspects of things：one is appearance and possession, the other concerns on ability and achievements. In both English and Chinese, women are frequently complimented for their appearance while men are complimented for their ab
17、ility or achievements in most cases. As compliments cover a wide range of topics, it is difficult to make contrastive study of every aspect. So in this part, we just focus on the topics mentioned above.2.1 Compliment Ones Appearance and Possession2.1.1 Differences in Complimenting Ones Appearance In
18、 English, making compliments to others appearance or possession is very common, especially to womens appearance. This is considered natural and even highly appreciated by westerners. Ladies may often be praised by people of all social classes. Just as shown in the following examples: A man(to his wo
19、man boss): You look so pretty when you smile. You should do it more often.A girl(to another girl): You certainly look elegant today.A stranger in a restaurant(to a lady sitting at the next table): I have been watching you all through lunch. You have a beautiful smile and it lights up the whole room.
20、Apparently, none of the women in the occasions mentioned above would feel offended and they usually feel pleased about these compliments. For their value has been recognized.However, it is another thing in China.男: 啊，你今天看起来很漂亮，又年轻了。女：（脸红了，手足无措）什么呀，别拿我开玩笑了。In China, womens appearance is also one of t
21、he topics of compliments, but not dominant and mostly confined to women themselves. It is embarrassing for a man to make compliments on a ladys appearance directly. The man may be considered light-head or flirtatious. In some cases it is almost a taboo in Chinese traditional culture.2.1.2 Reasons of
22、 the Differences in Complimenting Ones AppearanceThis difference can be traced back to the Renaissance Period. Since that, humanism has been prevailing in western countries. To pursue love is regarded as human nature, and to possess physical attraction means to win favor from the opposite sex. That
23、is why compliments on the physical attraction of the opposite sex are so common in the west. On the contrary, in feudal China, such ethics as “男女有别”“男女授受不亲”have prevailed for hundreds of years, and have influenced and left mark on peoples mentalities and behaviors. Therefore, in China, direct compli
24、ments on a females good look from a male is inappropriate.2.1.3 Differences in Complimenting Ones Family MembersIn English-speaking countries, one can praise his family members. It is quite natural and common when you hear an American woman comment that her husband is very capable, her children is q
25、uite smart, or how well they have done in their own fields. To westerners, honesty is the best character. If they really think that their family members are doing very well, they may say so when talking with others.However, Chinese people seldom praise their family members before others, on matter h
26、ow much they deserve the praise. Because they regard their family members as their extended selves, and to praise them means to praise themselves, thus they consider it a bad taste to do so. For Chinese, modesty is a highly appreciated value.In addition, in American culture, complimenting others wiv
27、es is a sort of common polite behaviors, especially for a man. But in China, he may be considered axe-grinding. It may be related to the consistent moral principle they believe in朋友妻不可欺，朋友妻不可赞. Under the influence of the traditional idea “respecting the old and cherishing the young”, the Chinese ten
28、d to transfer their compliments into the old and children of the listeners. That is why people with the two languages always have different reactions when invited to have a dinner in a friends house. On this occasion, an American might say “Your wife is very pretty”. Instead, a Chinese would say “Yo
29、ur child is so cute.”2.1.4 Reason of the Differences in Complimenting Ones Family MembersThe difference can be traced to the contrast between individualism and collectivism. Westerners appreciate individualism, while Chinese, collectivism. In an individualistic culture, freethinking and creative ide
30、as are encouraged. One is encourage to express his ideas even if he is a child. In a collectivism culture, the best policy is to be modest, or to be the same as others. 2.2 Compliment Ones Ability and AchievementsBoth English speakers and Chinese make compliments on others ability and achievements.
31、It covers a wide range from finishing a good cooking to a nice performance in a match, sometimes even a great accomplishment in a certain field. The examples are as follows:(in English)You are a good cook. This dish tastes terrific.Youve really done a good job.(in Chinese)今天的菜真是色香味俱全。您真有远见。你真聪明，怪不得数
32、学那么好。2.2.1 Differences in Complimenting Ones Ability and AchievementsFrom the examples above, we can see great similarity exists in complimenting others ability and achievements. However, there are still obvious differences in making compliments on personal ability and achievements. Research shows t
33、hat about one third of Chinese never praise others on their work and about 58% of young males do this to gain their superiors affection. Whereas in America, it is a serious matter. Compliments on others ability and achievements are usually delivered by capable people like superiors or authorities. M
34、eanwhile, in English speaking countries, people prefer to place their emphasis on complimenting the results which has been made rather than think highly of the pre-requisites, which is just opposite in Chinese. One this occasion, Chinese people tend to make compliments on ones genius, intelligence,
35、or capability, because they always owe ones achievements to his personal quality. So compliments of Americans are more objective than those of the Chinese. 2.2.2 Reasons of Differences in Complimenting Ones Ability and AchievementsThese differences also reveals a cultural difference between Chinese
36、and English speakers in a hierarchy sense. Chinese pay more attention to social status while Americans focus on abilities and different personalities. Such cultural differences can also be seen in complimenting on changes and mobility in America while Chinese seldom do this. They pay more attention
37、on consistency and similarities.Keeping modest and never talking about ones achievements are long established social rules in China. They believe their merits or achievements can be seen or discovered by others, and they neednt mention them by themselves, or they would be deemed to be conceited. 3 C
38、ontrast on Linguistic Form in English and Chinese ComplimentsThough people are free to express compliments towards beauty, ability, or possession, researches have shown that compliment sentences might have something in common in forms in both English and Chinese. 3.1 Syntactic Contrast on English an
39、d Chinese ComplimentsAs is shown by Wolfson(1980) and Mains researches on syntax of American compliments, sentence like “ N(noun)/P(pronoun) is really adj.(terrific, beautiful or other adjectives)” has gained a prevailing state over others with a percentage of 53.6 following by the sentence patterns
40、 like “I really love/like N(noun)/P(pronoun)” as the second and P(pronoun) is/verb (really) an adj. N(noun)/P(pronoun)” as the third. For example:1)Your oral Chinese is really very good.2)I really love pop music.3)She is really a good girl.Altogether these sentence patterns make up 85%2 of all the c
41、omplimentary syntax in American English. Meanwhile, a research on Chinese syntax shows some similar characteristics.E.g.: Your scarf is very beautiful. 你这件毛衣真漂亮。 Your look smart in this dress. 你穿这件衣服看起来很精神。Despite the similarities mentioned ahead, differences between these two languages can be shown
42、 in the form below. As is shown in the form, though Chinese compliments also contain a N(noun)/P(pronoun)+adv.+adj. syntax, Chinese are not used to express their praise in sentences like “I love/like N(noun)/P(pronoun)”. Instead, adverbs are usually used to modify the adjectives to make compliments.
43、 Also, in the usage of pronoun, Chinese tend to use second personal pronouns in the sentence like “你手艺正好”. Such kind of expressions make up 60% of pronouns in compliment syntax in Chinese while a 33% of the third personal pronoun or non-pronoun. Only 6.4% of compliment syntax use “I” to express the
44、idea. While in English, researchers have found that the third personal pronouns are used most frequently followed by the first personal pronoun. The second personal pronoun is at the bottom. Compared to syntax in Chinese, pronouns in English used relatively equally to each other. It is very interest
45、ing that when making compliments, both in Chinese and English, males tend to use more third personal pronoun and non-pronoun while women like to use the first or second pronouns more often. 3.2 Lexical Contrast on English and Chinese ComplimentsIn English, according to Wolfson, Main and Herberts sur
46、vey, on one hand, adjectives and adverbs are usually chosen to express positive ideas, especially adjectives like nice, good, beautiful, pretty and great. On the other hand, verbs can also be used to make compliments, such as like and love. While in Chinese, adjectives and adverbs are most frequentl
47、y used, which takes up 90% in the conversation. Adjectives should be linked with adverbs in order to compliment. Just as in the following phrases “真漂亮” and “太好看了”. In Chinese, the structure “I love/like” is seldom used when making compliments. If an American compliments the belongings of a Chinese i
48、n this way, the Chinese may misunderstand it as an indirect request for the thing he likes. Here is an example between an American and a Chinese.A: You have an interesting book. I like it.（compliments）C: Thank you. Well, if you like it, Ill buy another one for you.（misunderstanding） The research shows that the five adjectives and two verbs in English take up 96% in compliments. As a form, they can be easily recognized and a
