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1、Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) Sigmund FreudThis Page Left Intentionally Blank- 123 -This Page Left Intentionally Blank- 124 -Editors Note to Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)Drei Abhandlungen Zur SexualtheorieJames Strachey(a) German Editions:Drei Abhandlungen Zur Sexua
2、ltheorie 1905 Leipzig and Vienna: Deuticke. Pp. ii + 83Drei Abhandlungen Zur Sexualtheorie 1910 2nd ed. Leipzig and Vienna: Deuticke. Pp. iii + 87. (With additions.)Drei Abhandlungen Zur Sexualtheorie 1915 3rd ed. Leipzig and Vienna: Deuticke. Pp. vi + 101. (With additions.)Drei Abhandlungen Zur Sex
3、ualtheorie 1920 4th ed. Leipzig and Vienna: Deuticke. Pp. viii + 104. (With additions.)Drei Abhandlungen Zur Sexualtheorie 1922 5th ed. Leipzig and Vienna: Deuticke. Pp. viii + 104. (Unchanged.)Drei Abhandlungen Zur Sexualtheorie 1924 G.S., 5, 3-119. (With additions.)Drei Abhandlungen Zur Sexualtheo
4、rie 1925 6th ed. Leipzig and Vienna: Deuticke. Pp. 120. (= G.S. 5.)Drei Abhandlungen Zur Sexualtheorie 1942 G.W., 5, 29-145. (Unchanged.)(b) English Translations:Three Contributions to the Sexual TheoryThree Contributions to the Sexual Theory 1910 New York: Journal of Nerv. and Ment. Dis. Publ. Co.
5、(Monograph Series No. 7). Pp. x + 91. (Tr. A. A. Brill; Introd. J. J. Putnam.)Three Contributions to the Theory of SexThree Contributions to the Theory of Sex 1916 2nd ed. of above. Pp. xi + 117. (With additions.)Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex 1918 3rd ed. Pp. xii + 117.Three Contributions
6、 to the Theory of Sex 1930 4th ed. Pp. xiv + 104. (Revised.)Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex 1938 Basic Writings, 553-629. (Reprint of above.)Three Essays on the Theory of SexualityThree Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 1949 London: Imago Publishing Go. Pp. 133. (Tr. James Strachey.)The pre
7、sent translation is a corrected and expanded version of the one published in 1949.- 125 -Freuds Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality stand, there can be no doubt, beside his Interpretation of Dreams as his most momentous and original contributions to human knowledge. Nevertheless, in the form in
8、which we usually read these essays, it is difficult to estimate the precise nature of their impact when they were first published. For they were submitted by their author, in the course of a succession of editions over a period of twenty years, to more modifications and additions than any other of h
9、is writings, with the exception of, perhaps, The Interpretation of Dreams itself.1 The present edition differs in an important respect from all previous editions, whether in German or English. Though it is based on the German sixth edition of 1925, the last published in Freuds lifetime, it indicates
10、, with dates, every alteration of substance that has been introduced into the work since its first issue. Wherever material has been dropped or greatly modified in later editions, the cancelled passage or earlier version is given in a footnote. This will enable the reader to arrive at a clearer noti
11、on of what these essays were like in their original shape.It will probably come as a surprise to learn, for instance, that the entire sections on the sexual theories of children and on the pregenital organizations of the libido (both in the second essay) were only added in 1915, ten years after the
12、book was first published. The same year, too, brought the addition of the section on the libido theory to the third essay. Less surprisingly, the advances of biochemistry made it necessary (in 1920) to rewrite the paragraph on the chemical basis of sexuality. Here, indeed, the surprise works the oth
13、er way. For the original version of this paragraph, here printed in a footnote, shows Freuds remarkable foresight in this connection and how little modification was required in his views (p. 216).But in spite of the considerable additions made to the book after its first appearance, its essence was
14、already there in 1905 and can, indeed, be traced back to still earlier dates. The whole history of Freuds concern with the subject can now, thanks to the publication of the Fliess correspondence (1950a),be followed in detail; but here it will be enough to indicate its outlines. Clinical observations
15、 of the importance of sexual factors in the1 Freud himself commented at some length on this circumstance, and the possible inconsistencies it might have introduced into the text, in the second paragraph of his paper on the phallic phase (1923e).- 126 -causation, first, of anxiety neurosis and neuras
16、thenia, and later, of the psychoneuroses, were what first led Freud into a general investigation of the subject of sexuality. His first approaches, during the early nineties, were from the physiological and chemical standpoints. A hypothesis on neuro-physiological lines, for instance, of the process
17、es of sexual excitation and discharge will be found in Section III of his first paper on anxiety neurosis (1895b); and a remarkable diagram illustrating this hypothesis occurs in Draft G in the Fliess letters at about the same date but had been mentioned a year earlier (in Draft D). Freuds insistenc
18、e on the chemical basis of sexuality goes back at least as far as this. (It, too, is alluded to in Draft D, probably dating to the spring of 1894.) In this case Freud believed that he owed much to suggestions from Fliess, as is shown in, among other places, his associations to the famous dream of Ir
19、mas injection in the summer of 1895 (The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter II). He was also indebted to Fliess for hints on the kindred subject of bisexuality (p. 143, footnote), which he mentioned in a letter of December 6, 1896 (Letter 52) and later came to regard as a decisive factor (p. 220), th
20、ough his ultimate opinion on the operation of that factor brought him into disagreement with Fliess. It was in this same letter at the end of 1896 (Freud, 1950a, Letter 52) that we find the first mention of erotogenic zones (liable to stimulation in childhood but later suppressed) and their connecti
21、ons with perversions. And, again, at the beginning of the same year (Draft K, of January 1, 1896)and here we can see indications of a more psychological approacha discussion appears of the repressive forces, disgust, shame and morality.But though so many elements of Freuds theory of sexuality were a
22、lready present in his mind by 1896, its keystone was still to be discovered. There had from the very first been a suspicion that the causative factors of hysteria went back to childhood; the fact is alluded to in the opening paragraphs of the Breuer and Freud Preliminary Communication of 1893. By 18
23、95 (see, for instance, Part II of the Project, printed as an appendix to the Fliess letters) Freud had a complete explanation of hysteria based on the traumatic effects of sexual seduction in early childhood. But during all these years before 1897 infantile sexuality was regarded as no more than a d
24、ormant factor, only liable to be brought into the open, with disastrous results, by the intervention of an adult. An apparent exception to this might, it is- 127 -true, be supposed to follow from the contrast drawn by Freud between the causation of hysteria and obsessional neurosis: the former, he m
25、aintained, could be traced to passive sexual experiences in childhood, but the latter to active ones. But Freud makes it quite plain in his second paper on the Neuropsychoses of Defence (1896b), in which this distinction is drawn, that the active experiences at the bottom of obsessional neurosis are
26、 invariably preceded by passive onesso that once again the stirring-up of infantile sexuality was ultimately due to external interference. It was not until the summer of 1897 that Freud found himself obliged to abandon his seduction theory. He announced the event in a letter to Fliess of September 2
27、1 (Letter 69),1 and his almost simultaneous discovery of the Oedipus complex in his self-analysis (Letters 70 and 71 of October 3 and 15) led inevitably to the realization that sexual impulses operated normally in the youngest children without any need for outside stimulation. With this realization
28、Freuds sexual theory was in fact completed.It took some years, however, for him to become entirely reconciled to his own discovery. In a passage, for instance, in his paper on Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses (1898a) he blows hot and cold on it. On the one hand he says that children are ca
29、pable of every psychical sexual function and of many somatic ones and that it is wrong to suppose that their sexual life begins only at puberty. But on the other hand he declares that the organization and evolution of the human species seek to avoid any considerable sexual activity in childhood, tha
30、t the sexual motive forces in human beings should be stored up and only released at puberty and that this explains why sexual experiences in childhood are bound to be pathogenic. It is, he goes on, the after-effects produced by such experiences in maturity that are important, owing to the developmen
31、t of the somatic and psychical sexual apparatus that has taken place in the meantime. Even in the first edition of The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a), there is a curious passage towards the end1 His abandonment of the seduction theory was first publicly announced in a brief passage and footnote in
32、 the present work (p. 190) and soon afterwards at greater length in his second paper on The Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses (1906a; this volume p. 274 ff.). He later described his own reactions to the event in his History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement (1914d) and in his A
33、utobiographical Study (1925d).- 128 -of Chapter III (Standard Ed., 4, 130), in which Freud remarks that we think highly of the happiness of childhood because it is still innocent of sexual desires. (A corrective footnote was added to this passage in 1911, according to Ernest Jones on Jungs suggestio
34、n.) This was no doubt a relic from an early draft of the book, for elsewhere (e.g. in his discussion of the Oedipus complex in Chapter V) he writes quite unambiguously of the existence of sexual wishes even in normal children. And it is evident that by the time he drew up his case history of Dora (a
35、t the beginning of 1901) the main lines of his theory of sexuality were firmly laid down. (See above, p. 5.)Even so, however, he was in no hurry to publish his results. When The Interpretation of Dreams was finished and on the point of appearing, on October 11, 1899 (Letter 121), he wrote to Fliess:
36、 A theory of sexuality might well be the dream books immediate successor; and three months later, on January 26, 1900 (Letter 128): I am putting together material for the theory of sexuality and waiting till some spark can set what I have collected ablaze. But the spark was a long time in coming. Ap
37、art from the little essay On Dreams and The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, both of which appeared before the autumn of 1901, Freud published nothing of importance for another five years.Then, suddenly, in 1905 he brought out three major works: his book on Jokes, his Three Essays and his case hist
38、ory of Dora. It is certain that the last-named of these had for the most part been written four years earlier (see p. 3 ff.). It was published in October and November, 1905. The other two were published almost simultaneously, some months earlier, though the exact dates are not known: see a longer di
39、scussion of this in the Editors Preface to the book on Jokes (1905c), Standard Ed., 8, 5.In the German editions the sections are numbered only in the first essay; and indeed before 1924 they were numbered only half-way through the first essay. For convenience of reference, the numbering of the secti
40、ons has here been extended to the second and third essays.- 129 -Section CitationStrachey, J. (1905). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume VII (1901-1905): A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and O
41、ther Works, 123-246Preface to the Second Edition1The author is under no illusion as to the deficiencies and obscurities of this little work. Nevertheless he has resisted the temptation of introducing into it the results of the researches of the last five years, since this would have destroyed its un
42、ity and documentary character. He is, therefore, reprinting the original text with only slight alterations, and has contented himself with adding a few footnotes which are distinguished from the older ones by an asterisk.2 It is, moreover, his earnest wish that the book may age rapidlythat what was
43、once new in it may become generally accepted, and that what is imperfect in it may be replaced by something better.Vienna, December 1909Preface to the Third EditionI Have now been watching for more than ten years the effects produced by this work and the reception accorded to it; and I take the oppo
44、rtunity offered by the publication of its third edition to preface it with a few remarks intended to prevent misunderstandings and expectations that cannot be fulfilled. It must above all be emphasized that the exposition to be found in the following pages is based entirely upon everyday medical obs
45、ervation, to which the findings of psycho-analytic research should lend additional depth and scientific significance. It is impossible that these Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality should contain anything but what psycho-analysis makes it necessary to assume or possible to establish. It is, the
46、refore, out of the question that they could ever be extended into a complete theory of sexuality, and it is natural that there should be a number of important problems of sexual life with which they do not deal at all. But the reader should not conclude from this that the branches of this large subj
47、ect which have been thus passed over are unknown to the author or have been neglected by him as of small importance.1 This preface was omitted from 1920 onwards.2 The distinction was dropped in all subsequent editions.- 130 -The fact that this book is based upon the psycho-analytic observations whic
48、h led to its composition is shown, however, not only in the choice of the topics dealt with, but also in their arrangement. Throughout the entire work the various factors are placed in a particular order of precedence: preference is given to the accidental factors, while disposition is left in the b
49、ackground, and more weight is attached to ontogenesis than to phylogenesis. For it is the accidental factors that play the principal part in analysis: they are almost entirely subject to its influence. The dispositional ones only come to light after them, as something stirred into activity by experience: adequate consideration of them would lead far beyond the sph
