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1、大学毕业论文 侠客与骑士中西方电影中英雄主义的比较 Swordsmen and Knights: Towards the Heroism in Chinese and Western Movies 院 （系）： 外国语学院 专 业： 英 语 班 级： 学 号： 姓 名： 指导教师： Abstract Heroism, as a special form of culture, enriches peoples mental world, standardizes peoples behaviour, and stimulates the societys improvement. Howeve
2、r, because of the various standards people have for heroism, hero images also show differently in behaviour and performance. This paper discusses the similarities, differences and reasons of heroism in Chinese and Western culture through the comparison of the representatives of heroes in Chinese and
3、 Western movies Chinese swordsmen and Western knights. Through the research of the heroism in Chinese and Western countries, we can have a general idea of the different cultures in Chinese and Western countries. At the same time, it is meaningful to help people both in China and Western countries to
4、 understand the differences of heroism, and reduce the misunderstanding among different cultures.Key words: heroism; swordsmen; knights; movies摘 要英雄主义作为社会文化的一种表现形式，丰富着人们的精神生活，树立着行为的榜样，促进着社会的进步。然而由于中西方对英雄主义的判断标准不同，英雄形象的表现和作为便在中西方文化中存在了很大的差异。本文将通过中西方电影中英雄形象代表中国的侠客与西方的骑士的对比研究，来探讨分析中西方英雄主义的相似点，差异点以及差异产生
5、的根本原因。本文通过对中西英雄主义文化差异的研究，可小窥中西方文化的差异性。同时，能够为中外友人可以更好的理解中西方英雄形象所表现出的行为差异，思想差异做出贡献，并减少对不同文化下英雄形象的误解。 关键词：英雄主义； 侠客； 骑士； 电影ContentsI. Introduction1II. Literature Review2III. Similarities of Heroism in Chinese and Western Movies3A. Be brave in heart31. Reflected in Chinese movie Hero42. Reflected in West
6、ern movie King Arthur4B. Defend the weak, the helpless, women and children41. Reflected in Chinese movie Hero42. Reflected in Western movie King Arthur5IV. Differences of Heroism in Chinese and Western Movies5A. Responsibility for nation VS family5B. Faithfulness VS loyalty6C. Belief in justice VS b
7、elief in Christianity7D. Friendship with other men VS love with a lady8V. Reasons for Different Understanding of Heroism9A. Heroism in China91. Confucianism92. Collectivism103. High power-distance10B. Heroism in western countries101. Christianity102. Individualism113. Low power-distance11VI. Conclus
8、ion11Works Cited12I. IntroductionLine Davis gives his definition of culture：the total accumulation of beliefs, customs and values shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people (24). Heroism as a concept of a kind of ideology, reflecting the very central p
9、art of the culture, which is the concept of value. So heroism especially nowadays plays a more and more important role in the culture transmission. Ci Hai has an explanation towards heroism, that is, heroism is a kind of eternal spirit and behavior that one can intuitively complete a task which has
10、a significant meaning and shows the bravery and strength, and it is displayed by the people who is good in quality, brave in fighting and warm-hearted in helping others (2335). However, different cultures have different treats and traditions, definitely they will have different definitions towards h
11、eroism, and also, influenced by cultural differences, heroes behave differently. Lu Durong and Wang Xiu say it is the responsibility and goal for every culture to create its own hero to keep its essential and inner parts of culture and protect it from going collapse (153). The very basic thing for h
12、eroism is the evaluation of the heroes social value, but the differences are the different judgments people from different cultures hold towards what kind of person or action can be named hero and heroic behavior. Chinese and Western culture create their own heroes according to their own value syste
13、m, which is most obviously expressed in the television programs and movies which are playing the very important roles in the interaction among cultures nowadays. Heroes have some divergences and also share some common features in Chinese and Western culture. It is the touching movies that let large
14、numbers of people get to know about heroes. Xu Jianlou and Bai Hua both write the similar things: it is in the Middle Ages that a group of fighters are called the heroes who are actively helping the helpless, bravely accomplishing the promise. They are Chinese swordsmen and Western knights (65)(182)
15、. And their stories and histories are also becoming the hot themes of heroic movies. When it comes to western movies with the theme of heroism in the Middle Ages, it is easy for us to think of movies like Brave Heart, Troy, King Arthur, Spartan 300 warriors and so on. And in these years, Chinese mov
16、ies with the same theme and period also flourished and rushed into market, like Hero and Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon. Heroes in both Chinese and Western cultures have the persevering spirit, endless courage and strong will in common. Comparing them carefully, it is not hard to find that the differ
17、ences are caused by different value systems and spirits. And this paper is going to tell the similarities and differences of Chinese and Western cultures about heroism and the reasons why differences occur by comparing people from two movies-images of swordsmen in the Chinese movie Hero and images o
18、f knights in the Western movie King Arthur. Knowing the similarities and differences of Chinese and western heroism can help us avoid misunderstanding and encourage the cooperation during the intercultural communication.II. Literature ReviewHeroism is a kind of eternal spirit and behavior that one c
19、an intuitively complete a task which has a significant meaning and shows the bravery and strength, and it is displayed by the people who is good in quality, brave in fighting and warm-hearted in helping others (Ci Hai, 2335). Movie is not only the signal of the culture, but also a production of the
20、culture. Movie and culture affect each other and stimulate each other. Different countries have different traditions, and this makes the movie also takes the distinguished characteristic of the region (Chi Mingyun 17). Because of this, it is meaningful and attractive to analyze the heroism through m
21、ovies. Yuan Yue (3-5) thinks that when talking about heroes, swordsman must be the first typical image that comes into mind, who fulfill the national spirit. About knights, Tian Xianzhi (2009) wrote in his paper: Knights first appeared in the 11th to 13th century and it is generally believed that kn
22、ights come from Europe. In this period, the individual heroism is pursued by knights (206).About similarity of heroism in Chinese and Western movies, author Shen Jianlei has an exact conclusion: Most heroes are in favor of bravery and generosity and treat the protection of the women, children, the w
23、eak, helpless as their duty(4).About differences of heroism in Chinese and Western movies, The individuality, freedom and equality are identical words for Western people, which means self profit and benefit are placed first in western. Although knights are faithful to authorities, protecting the rel
24、igion and caring others, their initial purpose is to win their own honor. In china, swordsmen fight and die not for themselves but for justice, for others and for country (Jin Huiling 139). Considering the persuasion and belief: faithfulness, reputation, justice and friendship with other men are pur
25、sued by Chinese versus loyalty, honor, Christianity and love with a lady are pursued by Western, and Wu Congming and Sun Chanjuans writing focuse on that.We should think about the reasons. The Confucianism affects the heroes to behave in a benevolent and ethic way. This is Confucianism heroism. It i
26、s said by Wu Congming and Sun Chanjuan (232-23). Hofstedes concept of power-distance and collectivism and individualism are the very key points to analyze the initial reasons.To sum up, knowing the heroism between Chinese and Western countries, as a part of the culture differences, can help us avoid
27、ing the misunderstanding and improve the cultural communication all the time. This paper is going to discuss the heroism between Chinese and Western countries through comparing the movies Hero and King Arthur in three parts: similarities, differences and the reasons causing that divergence. Talking
28、about the similarity, they all have brave hearts, and all protect the weakness. But they show different attitudes to nation and family, love and friendship; they also have different beliefs. And after the research, I find the reasons are that Chinese heroism is affected by the Confucianism, Collecti
29、vism and High power-distance; and western heroism is affected by the Christianity, Individualism and Low power-distance.III. Similarities of Heroism in Chinese and Western MoviesIn China and western countries, The standard of judging whether someone can be called a hero is different because of the d
30、ifferences of the culture. But, no matter where they are, heroes always share some characteristics and goals. Concluded by Shen Jianlei once in her paper: Most heroes are in favor of bravery and generosity and treat the protection of the women, children, the weak, helpless as the duty(4). Let the Ch
31、inese heroic image- swordsmen and Western heroic image- knights be the examples, in the movie Hero and King Arthur, we can see both of them have a brave heart and show sympathy to the helpless.A. Be brave in heart Wang Yonghao believes that bravery provides a strong masculine energy for ancient Chin
32、ese, and this quality is gradually sublimated into personal strong will. And because of it, Chinese swordsman is popular among common people(108). S. W. Scott claims that bravery was the quickest way to become a knight, through brave fighting in battles, a man would win other people even knights att
33、ention and respect(4), so bravery which refers to not afraid of fighting and ready to face death is the thing that is needed both for Chinese and western heroes. 1. Reflected in Chinese movie HeroHero is a Chinese movie which sets against the background of assassination of the king in Qin Dynasty. I
34、t describes several swordsmen from Zhao who want to kill the king to revenge for their destroyed country, but finally they give up the action because they consider about the peace of the world and happiness of the people. The main heroes are swordsmen Wu Ming and Can Jian. In the movie, swordsmen Wu
35、 Ming deserves the title of hero because he has a brave heart even under the strength of Qin and the power of the king. To save the country and people, he rushes into the Palace, fighting against the thousands of hundreds of well-equipped soldiers which shows he is not afraid of fighting and is brav
36、e enough to kill the bad. 2. Reflected in Western movie King ArthurThe Hollywood movie King Arthur describes the story of a man named Arthur and his brothers who were chosen to be the knights since they were little boys and they protect the country and church from any danger and fight bravely for th
37、em.During the way they travel north to rescue the family of Marius Honorius, they resist the attacks from the Saxons pagans. Facing the unexpected battles and death again and again, they never run away or give up. Arthur and his brothers work together, protect each other. It is their brave and power
38、ful hearts that support them to keep fighting for final freedom. B. Defend the weak, the helpless, women and children Jiao Ruowei believes that one of the most essential qualities of Chinese swordsmen is to protect others. There are no religious doctrines to ask them to do so, however, they take it
39、as the personal duty to help the poor, women and children whenever they are in danger or in need, without asking for rewards or praises from others (79). For western knights, defending the poor, the weak, women and children is one of Christian doctrines. Being a Christian, a knight should regard thi
40、s as his necessary duty (Shen Jianlei 16) 1. Reflected in Chinese movie HeroIn Hero, there is no direct scene to reflect the heroes doing protection to the weak, women or children, but in the view of the whole, the whole movie express the care and protection to the commonwealth. Although Wu Ming and
41、 Can Jian, apparently, look as if the value of their lives is to kill the king and revenge for their own country, in fact, they are trying to protect the innocent people from continuing being hurt by the king. And later they give up the assassination also because they do not want to let the people s
42、uffer from the war again, which actually shows their willing to protect the weak. 2. Reflected in Western movie King ArthurWhen knights Arthur and his brothers are preparing to take the family of Marius Honorius go, he finds a village elder who defied the master is hanging on a tree. Arthur saves hi
43、m without thinking and he also rescues several pagans who refuse to be serfs. Arthur tells them they are freemen since they were born. As a hero, he can not tolerate that people are torched, even though these people are his enemies. It is the kindness and willing of protecting the helpless that make
44、 these people different from others, and these people are called heroes and reminds in ours minds.IV. Differences of Heroism in Chinese and Western MoviesSwordsmen and knights, both of which we call heroes, have a couple of similarities. Based on the different cultures, they still have lots of diffe
45、rences.A. Responsibility for nation VS family The country and people are more important than anything in the heart of a Chinese hero. To swordsmen, family is not just wife and children any more, it is all the citizen of the country. He will never tolerate the country being insulted, and the citizen
46、being tortured. Although Chinese swordsmen come from different hierarchies of the society and scatter everywhere, they all share one characteristic: to love their own countries and people (Jin Huiling 139). Tian Xianzhi say that they are willing to sacrifice their insignificant lives to protect the
47、country and people from danger which can not be stopped by any powerful figure or threat (207). In the Chinese movie Hero, the reason why swordsman Wu Ming and Can Jian decide to kill the king Qin is that their country is destroyed by Qin and their citizens are killed by Qin, and they have the missi
48、on to revenge. But finally it is also the country and citizen that stopped the idea of killing. Can Jian once writes Tian Xia (which means the world) on the ground and says: Qi is already at war for many years and people suffer a lot from that, and only king Qin can end it and unify the whole world. Youd better give up the idea of killing him. Your pain is not a pain any more when it compares with that of the people of the whole world, and your hatred is a
