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1、5 My Visit to ToursBy Winston ChurchillOn June 13 I made my last visit to France for four years almost to a day. The French Government had now withdrawn to Tours, and tension had mounted steadily. I took Edward Halifax and General Ismay with me, and Max Beaverbrook volunteered to come too. In troubl
2、e he is always buoyant. This time the weather was cloudless, and we sailed over in the midst of our Spitfire squadron, making however a rather wider sweep to the southward than before. Arrived over Tours, we found the airport had been heavily bombed the night before, but we and all our escort landed
3、 smoothly in spite of the craters. Immediately one sensed the increasing degeneration of affairs. No one came to meet us or seemed to expect us. We borrowed a service car from the station commander and motored into the city, making for the Prefecture, where it was said the French Government had thei
4、r headquarters. No one of consequence was there, but Reynaud was reported to be motoring in from the country, and Mandel was also to arrive soon.It being already nearly two oclock, I insisted upon luncheon, and after some parleyings we drove through 18 streets crowded with refugees cars, most of the
5、m with a mattress on top and crammed with luggage. We found a cafe, which was closed, but after explanations we obtained a meal. During luncheon I was visited by M. Baudouin, whose influence had risen in these latter days. He began at once in his soft, silky manner about the hopelessness of the Fren
6、ch resistance. If the United States would declare war on Germany it might be possible for France to continue. What did I think about this? I did not discuss the question further than to say that I hoped America would come in, and that we should certainly fight on. He afterwards, I was told, spread i
7、t about that I had agreed that France should surrender unless the United States came in.We then returned to the Prefecture, where Mandel, Minister of the Interior, awaited us. This faithful former secretary of Clemenceau, and a bearer forward of his lifes message, seemed in the best of spirits. He w
8、as energy and defiance personified. His luncheon, an attractive chicken, was uneaten on the tray before him. He was a ray of sunshine. He had a telephone in each hand, through which he was constantly giving orders and decisions. His ideas were simple: fight on to the end in France, in order to cover
9、 the largest possible movement into Africa. This was the last time I saw this valiant Frenchman. The restored French Republic rightly shot to death the hirelings who murdered him. His memory is honoured by his countrymen and their allies.Presently M. Reynaud arrived. At first he seemed depressed. Ge
10、neral Weygand had reported to him that the French armies were exhausted. The line was pierced in many places; refugees were pouring along all the roads through the country, and many of the troops were in disorder. The Generalissimo felt it was necessary to ask for an armistice while there were still
11、 enough French troops to keep order until peace could be made. Such was the military advice. He would send that day a further message to Mr. Roosevelt saying that the last hour had come and that the fate of the Allied cause lay in Americas hand. Hence arose the alternative of armistice and peace.Mr.
12、 Reynaud proceeded to say that the Council of Ministers had on the previous day instructed him to inquire what would be Britains attitude should the worst come. He himself was well aware of the solemn pledge that no separate peace would be entered into by either ally. General Weygand and others poin
13、ted out that France had already sacrificed everything in the common cause. She had nothing left; but she had succeeded in greatly weakening the common foe. It would in those circumstances be a shock if Britain failed to concede that France was physically unable to carry on, if France was still expec
14、ted to fight on and thus deliver up her people to the certainty of corruption and evil transformation at the hands of ruthless specialists in the art of bringing conquered peoples to heel. That then was the question which he had to put. Would Great Britain realise the hard facts with which France wa
15、s faced?The official British record reads as follows:Mr. Churchill said that Great Britain realised how much France had suffered and was suffering. Her own turn would come, and she was ready. She grieved to find that her contribution to the land struggle was at present so small, owing to the reverse
16、s which had been met with as a result of applying an agreed strategy in the North. The British had not yet felt the German lash, but were aware of its force. They nevertheless had but one thought: to win the war and destroy Hitlerism. Everything was subordinate to that aim; no difficulties, no regre
17、ts, could stand in the way. He was well assured of British capacity for enduring and persisting, for striking back till the foe was beaten. They would therefore hope that France would carry on fighting south of Paris down to the sea, and if need be from North Africa. At all costs time must be gained
18、. The period of waiting was not limitless: a pledge from the United States would make it quite short. The alternative course meant destruction for France quite as certainly. Hitler would abide by no pledges. If on the other hand France remained in the struggle, with her fine Navy, her great Empire,
19、her Army still able to carry on guerrilla warfare on a gigantic scale, and if Germany failed to destroy England, which she must do or go under, if then Germanys might in the air was broken, then the whole hateful edifice of Nazidom would topple over. Given immediate help from America, perhaps even a
20、 declaration of war, victory was not so far off. At all events England would fight on. She had not and would not alter her resolve: no terms, no surrender. The alternatives for her were death or victory. That was his answer to M. Reynauds question.M. Reynaud replied that he had never doubted England
21、s determination. He was however anxious to know how the British Government would react in a certain contingency. The French Government the present one or another might say: “We know you will carry on. We would also, if we saw any hope of a victory. But we see no sufficient hopes of an early victory.
22、 We cannot count on American help. There is no light at the end of the tunnel. We cannot abandon our people to indefinite German domination. We must come to terms. We have no choice.” It was already too late to organise a redoubt in Brittany. Nowhere would a genuine French Government have a hope of
23、escaping capture on French soil. The question to Britain would therefore take the form: “Will you acknowledge that France has given her best, her youth and life- blood; that she can do no more; and that she is entitled, having nothing further to contribute to the common cause, to enter into a separa
24、te peace while maintaining the solidarity implicit in the solemn agreement entered into three months previously?”Mr. Churchill said that in no case would Britain waste time and energy in reproaches and recriminations. That did not mean that she would consent to action contrary to the recent agreemen
25、t. The first step ought to be M. Reynauds further message putting the present position squarely to President Roosevelt. Let them await the answer before considering anything else. If England won the war France would be restored in her dignity and in her greatness. All the same I thought the issue ra
26、ised at this point was so serious that I asked to withdraw with my colleagues before answering it. So Lords Halifax and Beaverbrook and the rest of our party went out into a dripping but sunlit garden and talked things over for half an hour. On our return I restated our position. We could not agree
27、to a separate peace however it might come. Our war aim remained the total defeat of Hitler, and we felt that we could still bring this about. We were therefore not in a position to release France from her obligation. Whatever happened, we would level no reproaches against France; but that was a diff
28、erent matter from consenting to release her from her pledge. I urged that the French should now send a new appeal to President Roosevelt, which we would support from London. M. Reynaudagreed to do this, and promised that the French would hold on until the result of his final appeal was known.Before
29、leaving I made one particular request to M. Reynaud. Over four hundred German pilots, the bulk of whom had been shot down by the R.A.F., were prisoners in France. Having regard to the situation, they should be handed over to our custody. M. Reynaud willingly gave this promise, but soon he had no pow
30、er to keep it. These German pilots all became available for the Battle of Britain, and we had to shoot them down a second time.At the end of our talk M. Reynaud took us into the adjoining room, where MM. Herriot and Jeanneney, the Presidents of the Chamber and Senate respectively, were seated. Both
31、these French patriots spoke with passionate emotion about fighting on to the death. As we went down the crowded passage into the courtyard I saw General de Gaulle standing stolid and expressionless at the doorway. Greeting him, I said in a low tone, in French: “Lhomme du destin.” He remained impassi
32、ve. In the courtyard there must have been more than a hundred leading Frenchmen in frightful misery. Clemenceaus son was brought up to me. I wrung his hand. The Spitfires were already in the air, and I slept sound on our swift and uneventful journey home. This was wise, for there was a long way to g
33、o before bed-time. From The Second World War, Vol. II图尔之行温斯顿丘吉尔我上一次访问法国是在四年前的六月十三日，与这次访法几乎是同一天。当时，法国政府已经从巴黎撤出，迁往图尔。紧张的情绪节节攀升。爱德华哈利法克斯和伊思梅将军随我一同而行，马克思比弗布鲁克也自愿一起前往。越是遇到麻烦，他越是劲头十足。这次法国之行，天气晴朗无云，我们乘坐的飞机在一支空军喷火式战斗机中队的护航之下飞往法国。比起之前的几次南行，这次我们兜了一个更大的圈子。到达图尔上空之后，我们发现，由于前一夜的轰炸，机场已经遭到严重破坏。尽管地上满是弹痕，我们的飞机和所有陪同的护
34、卫机仍然平稳着陆。一下飞机，立即能够感受到一种万物衰败的气氛。没有人来迎接我们，好像也没有人希望我们到来。我们从部队指挥官那里借了一辆军车，驶进了城里，一路前往省长的府邸，据说法国政府把指挥部设在了那里。我们抵达后，关键人物还都未到，不过，报告说雷诺正乘车从城外赶来，曼德尔不久也会赶到。时间已经接近下午两点了，我坚持要先吃午餐。一番磋商之后，我们驱车穿过了挤满难民车辆的街道，多数车顶上都绑着床垫，车里装满了行李。我们找到了一家已经打烊的小餐馆，通过一番解释，终于得以进餐。午餐期间，博杜安先生来访，他的影响力在那段时间里持续上升。一见面，他就用温文尔雅的腔调向我诉说，法国已经感到希望渺茫，无力抵
35、抗。如果美国能够对德宣战，法国或许还可以坚持下去。他问我对此有何看法。我当时并没有深入的讨论这个问题，只是说，我希望美国可以参与进来，我们英国也肯定会继续战斗下去。后来我听说，博杜安事后向外界宣传，我当时赞同了他的观点：如果美国不参战，法国就应该投降。待添加的隐藏文字内容2之后，我们回到了省长府邸，内政部长曼德尔已经在那里等待。这位忠诚的克莱门索的前秘书，秉承了克莱门索毕生的意志。他看上去气色很好，浑身充满了活力干劲和反抗精神。他的午餐，一份诱人的鸡肉，摆在面前的托盘里，一动也没动。曼德尔就像一缕阳光。他两手各握一只电话，不断地发命令、下决策。他的想法很简单：必须在法国境内抗战到底，为撤退到非
36、洲争取最大的可能。这是我最后一次见到这位强悍的法国人。复兴的法兰西共和国公正地对谋杀曼德尔的凶手处以枪决。他的光辉荣耀永远留在他的国民和盟友的心中。不久，雷诺先生也到了。起初他看上去有些沮丧。魏刚将军向他报告，法国陆军已经筋疲力尽，多处防线均已告破。全国上下各条街道上难民如潮，许多部队狼狈不堪，无法作战。这位法军总司令认为有必要请求停战，这样就可以在实现和平之前保留足够的法国部队维护治安。这就是军方的主张。当天，雷诺还将进一步通知罗斯福先生，告诉他生死存亡的时刻已经到来，盟军的命运掌握在美国手中。休战还是求和，法国面临着抉择。雷诺先生继续说道，先前内阁已经向他传达指示，让他询问我们，在最坏的情
37、况下，英国会抱有怎样的态度。他本人清楚地知道，神圣的誓言不能打破，盟国成员绝不能单独求和。魏刚将军等人指出，法国已经为盟军的共同目标牺牲了一切。现在，法国一无所有，但是法国的努力已经极大的削弱了盟军共同敌人的力量。在这种情况下，如果英国还不承认法国已经无力坚持，只能让他们感到惊愕不已。如果盟国还希望法国能够继续战斗下去，把她的人民带向必然的堕落和魔化中去，把他们交给那些无情的，专门把被征服的人民带向暴政的人手中。那么，他必须提出这个问题：英国是否明白，法国正面对着何等艰难的现实？英国官方记录如下：丘吉尔先生说道，大英帝国认识到了法国已经遭受和正在遭受的苦难。英国也将面临同样的处境，她已经严阵以
38、待。由于在北部履行共同战略而蒙受挫折，英军迄今在地面战斗上的贡献甚少，对此她感到十分悲痛。德国的长鞭尚未触及英国，但她已经对其威力有了清醒的认识。尽管如此，英国的想法也只有一个，那就是取得战争胜利，彻底摧毁希特勒主义。比起这个目标，所有一切都是次要的。在奋斗的道路上，我们决不退缩，决不后悔。丘吉尔坚信，英国有能力忍耐坚持下去，并一路反击直至彻底把敌人消灭。因此我们希望，法国也可以坚持下去，在巴黎南部到地中海之间继续战斗，若有必要，也要从北非出兵。不惜代价去赢取时间。我们不会无休止的等待下去：只要美国作出保证，等待时间就会大大缩短。无论停战还是求和，法国都必将面临毁灭。希特勒不会遵守任何诺言。如
39、果法国依然凭借着强大的海军和整个帝国的力量，以及仍能够坚持大范围游击战的陆军继续作战；如果德国一心想要毁灭英国的意图他们必须做到，否则就是死路一条没有得逞；如果德国的空军力量遭到破坏；这样一来，让所有人深恶痛绝的纳粹主义大厦必将倒塌。假设美国能够立即伸出援手，甚至对德宣战，盟军的胜利便不再遥远。无论如何，英国都将抗战到底。英国从未改变，也决不会改变其决心：决不妥协，决不投降。胜利或者灭亡，这才是我们面临的抉择。关于雷诺先生的提问，丘吉尔如是作答。雷诺先生回应说，他从未怀疑过英国的决心。但他急于知道，一旦发生意外情况，英国政府会作何反应。法国政府无论是现任政府，还是其它新的政府也许会说：“我们知
40、道英国会坚持战斗。如果我们能够看到胜利的希望，也会坚持下去。然而，我们看不到足够的希望，胜利依然那么遥远。我们不能指望美国的帮助。隧道的尽头没有光明。我们不能把自己的人民抛弃，也无法想象德国人会如何对他们实行统治。我们必须与德国人达成协议，除此之外别无选择”当下在布列塔尼布防已为时太晚。对一个名副其实的法国政府来说，在法国的土地上，已经无处可逃因此，法国还要想问英国：“你们能否承认，法国已经竭尽全力，献出了青春与鲜血；能否承认，法国已经无能为力；能否承认，法国已经无法再为盟军的共同目标做出任何贡献，因此，法国有权单独媾和，并保有三个月前盟军签署的神圣协议中的团结？”丘吉尔先生说，英国决不会浪费
41、时间与精力，去责备指摘他国。但这并不表示英国会同意任何违背盟军协议的行为。雷诺先生应该再次致电罗斯福总统，直截了当地告诉他法国现在的处境，这才是当务之急。在得到美国的答复之前，不要考虑任何事情。如果英国取得战争的胜利，高贵伟大的法兰西也会复兴。然而，我同样认为，眼下这个问题的确事关重大，因此我要求和我的同事先行离席，之后再予以答复。于是，哈利法克斯、比弗布鲁克议员及其他我方人员来到一个到处滴水却又阳光明媚的花园里，在此商讨了半个小时。返回之后，我重申了我们的立场。我们无法同意任何形式的单独媾和。我们的战争目标仍是彻底打败希特勒，而且我们认为，这个目标依然可以实现。因此我们无权解除法国所承担的义
42、务。无论怎样，我们都不会指责法国；但这并不意味着我们允许法国破例违约。我敦促法方立即向罗斯福总统发出新的请求，我们也会从伦敦声援。雷诺先生同意了，并作出保证，在最后的请求得到答复之前，法国会一直坚持下去。临行前，我向雷诺先生提出了一个特殊的请求。英国皇家空军曾经击落了四百多名德军飞行员，他们现被囚禁在法国。考虑到当前形势，应把他们移交我方监管。雷诺先生欣然同意，可是他很快就被迫离职，再也无权兑现承诺了。这些飞行员后来参加了不列颠之战，我们不得不再次将他们击落。会谈结束后，雷诺先生带我们进了隔壁房间，内阁主席赫里欧先生和参议院主席让纳内先生正坐在里面，两位爱国者慷慨激昂地表示，他们愿意至死奋战。我们沿着挤满人群的走廊走进庭院，看见戴高乐将军冷漠麻木、面无表情地站在门口。我向他打了个招呼，并低声用法语说：“掌控命运的人。”他依旧无动于衷。庭院里大概有上百位法国的达官贵人，他们无不惊恐万状。有人把克莱门索的儿子带到我面前，我紧紧地握了一下他的手 。喷火式战斗机已经升空，在短暂而平稳的旅途中，我睡了个安稳觉。这真是明智之举，因为上床之前，我还有许多事情要做。译者：刘政钺
