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1、Welcome to the World of Biotechnology,An introduction into the business of biotechnology in Georgia for high school students,What is Biotechnology?,Lets break it down:Bio-alive or livingTechnology-the application of science to achieve industrial or commercial objectivesSo basically,were talking abou
2、t using living materials for a commercial or industrial purposeTaking living cells and putting them to work for us!,A Definition That is a Little More Fun,Origins of Biotechnology,Although it seems like a new thing,biotechnology has actually been around a whileDomesticated plants and animals are the
3、 result of selective breeding(have you ever seen a wild corn plant,not something youd want to eat)Using yeast to make bread riseUsing bacteria or yeast to ferment grapes into wine,So Why Should I Care?,Biotechnology aspects all aspects of your everyday life,including:agriculture and food safety,heal
4、thcare,law enforcement and environmental issuesAlthough there are many great career paths involving biotechnology that you may consider,possibly even more importantly,you will soon be votersYoull make decisions on the ethics involving legalizing certain types of researchYou might be on a jury where
5、biotechnology plays a key part in the evidence presented,The Biotechnology Toolbox,Today,biotechnology is used in three main ways:Directly using cellsPlacing yeast into a bioreactor to ferment grapesUsing the proteins/enzymes made by cellsIsolating antibiotics from bacteria for use in human medicine
6、Using the genetic material inside of cellDNA fingerprinting,Just Some of the Latest Advances in the World of Biotechnology,CloningDNA fingerprintingGenetically modified bacteria to synthesize productsGenetically modified foods,Cloning,Creating a genetically identical copy of something(ex.a DNA stran
7、d,a cell,an organ or an entire organism)Single cells and DNA are fairly easy to clone and so this has been done for a comparatively long amount of timeCloning entire organisms becomes increasingly more difficult the more complex the organism is(ex.Humans are harder to clone than worms)and so it is v
8、ery recent and for some species has not been perfected yet,How Cloning Works,DNA is extracted from an adult cellAn egg for this same species has its DNA removedThe empty egg is filled with the adult DNAThe egg is implanted into a surrogate motherThe baby born from this egg is genetically identical t
9、o the adult from which it was clonedBut,it will not share any characteristics that arent geneticIt will not be the same age as the animal it was cloned from(itll be a baby),Why Clone?,To create identical cells for research purposesTo maintain a genetically desirable species of plant or animalTo crea
10、te a missing organ or tissue for treatment of human diseasesTo save endangered or extinct species,Some Products of Cloning,DNA Fingerprinting,Identifying the pattern of certain sequences in parts of a persons DNA to determine if two samples come from the same person,related persons or two,non-relate
11、d individualsOnly parts of the DNA sequence are used because the whole genome is too long to sequence repeatedlyEveryone has a unique sequence of DNA(even identical twins,although their genomes would be very close to identical)In order to be an effective tool,we need to get DNA from many people to d
12、etermine how often certain patterns show up in the population,How DNA Fingerprinting Works,The DNA is isolated from a cell sample and many copies are made with a process called PCR The DNA is cut into pieces using restriction enzymes(they cut only at specific sequences)The DNA is run on a gel electr
13、ophoresis to separate the pieces(separated based on size)Probes are used to find certain DNA sequences(usually VNTR sequences)Comparisons of these pieces of DNA are made to determine identity or relationships,What Does a DNA Fingerprint Look Like?,What can DNA Fingerprints be used for?,Paternity/mat
14、ernity testsTo determine if a suspect was at a crime sceneTo identify a murder victimTo identify a soldier killed in the line of dutyTo determine identity,Genetically-Modified Bacteria,Inserting new genes into a bacteria to trick it into making a product for usAlthough each bacteria usually doesnt m
15、ake much product,millions of bacteria can be grown in bioreactors at the same time,and the product harvested from all of them at once,How are Genetically-Modified Bacteria Created?,A piece of DNA containing the gene for the desired product is cut with restriction enzymesA plasmid(circular bacterial
16、DNA)is cut with the same restriction enzymeThe piece and the plasmid are ligated(fused together)The plasmid is transformed into the bacteriaThe plasmid either stays in whole or the gene crosses over into the bacterias DNA,What Does the Process of Bacterial Transformation Look Like?,Some Products Now
17、 Synthesized by Bacteria,Biodiesel fuelChemicals to block an HIV infectionPhotographsHuman insulin for diabeticsPlastics,Genetically-Modified Foods,Livestock or produce that has received new genes to make the product healthier,resistant to pest or more nutritiousThe process is similar to that used t
18、o create genetically-modified bacteria,but the genes are being inserted into multi-celled organism instead,How GMO are made,The process varies slightly between each species,particularly between plants and animals,however some aspects are the sameChanges are made to the organisms DNA by inserting a u
19、seful gene into the egg cellThis changed egg is then implanted into a mother and the baby born hopefully has the desired trait,Some Genetically Modified Organisms(GMO),Why make GMOs?,To give plants resistance to certain pests without the use of pesticidesTo make plants drought resistantTo make cows
20、that produce more milkTo make vegetables that can undergo long transport without over-ripeningTo make chickens that contain extra vitamins that may be missing from our diets,The Ethics of Biotechnology,Despite all the exciting things that biotechnology can do or will do in the near future,there are
21、things to consider:Would it be ethical to clone a human?Why or why not?Should your insurance company be allowed to have access to your DNA profile if it detected some disease?How can the bacteria in bioreactors be disposed of once they are no longer useful?What happens to the natural balance when GM
22、O are sent out to compete with natural plants in the environment?,Conclusion,We are at the cusp of an exciting time in the world of biologyWe are capable to manipulating living cells in ways that would have been unimaginable even 20 years agoWith this new technology comes many new jobs and benefits to mankindWith this new technology comes the need to think through the ethical issues that arise and to wisely weigh the benefits against the drawbacks to make informed decisions as to what research should be encourage and what should not,
