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1、名词复数变化规则名词复数变化 1. 一般情况下加s map maps 2. s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加 -es 3. 以y结尾的名词,变复数时 busbuses a. 以辅音字母+y, 变y 为i 加es babybabies b. 专有名词或元音字母+y, 直接加s two Marys, monkeys 4. 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时 a. 加s， photophotos b. 加es，Negro, hero, potato, tomato, volcano, tornado, torpedo, veto, mosquito, 5. 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时 a. 去f或f
2、e 加ves，halfhalves b. 加s，gulf/cliff/roof/grief chief/belief/proof/safe +S 6. 名词复数的不规则变化 a. manmen womanwomen childchildren footfeet toothteeth goosegeese mousemice louse - lice ox - oxen b. an Englishmantwo Englishmen. *c. 外来名词：criterioncriteria(标准)；phenomenonphenomena(现象)；analysisanalyses(分析)；basisb
3、ases；crisiscrises(危机)； thesistheses(论文)；bacteriumbacteria(细菌)；Medium media； 7. 单复 同形 名词 deer, sheep, fish, shark, giraffe, buffalo, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Swedish, Danish, means, series, species, aircraft, staff, li, jin, yuan, two li, three mu, four jin除了中国度量衡和货币之外,美元,英镑,法郎等都有复数形式。the English, t
4、he Chinese,表示国民总称时，谓语用复数。 2 pieces of fish 2 fish 2 pieces of glass penny 2 fishes 2 pairs of glasses Pennies 2 glasses pence (价值) 8. 集 体 名 词 A单数类集体名词： 意思为复数，但谓语用单数humanity 人类clothing 衣服glassware 玻璃器具machinery 机械mankind 人类equipment 设备jewelry 珠宝poetry 诗baggage 行李furniture 家具luggage 行李pottery 陶器 B复数类集
5、体名词：以单数形式出现，但实为复数,谓语用复数。 faculty, poultry, folk, people, police等本身就是复数，谓语动词复数。不能说 a people和a police,但可以说a person和a policeman C单复同形类集体名词谓语单复数由意思决定army; audience; bacteria; cast; class, committee; community; company; council; crew; data; enemy; family; flock; gang; government; group; herd; jury; media
6、; navy; opposition; police; press; public; staff ; team; youth 单数：My family is big family. 复数：His family are all music lovers. 9. 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词 10. -表示由两部分构成的东西 -以ing结尾的词 -其他复数 a. maths，politics，physics学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 d. 某些疾病mumps 腮腺炎 me
7、asles 麻疹 e. 活动名称billiards /cards /darts 如：glasses, trousers, clothes, slippers 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair; suit, a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers。谓语单复数取决于数量词pair单复数。 belongings; surroundings; doings; earnings; findings; savings; contents; arms; fireworks; wages; forces; remains; valuables; stairs;
8、sweets 1 11. 复合名词的复数 a. 由man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式前后都变复数 Woman teacherwomen teachers b. 中间无连字号也没间隔的复合名词变复数，将最后一个名词变复数 housewifehousewives; greenhousegreenhouse c. 中间有连字符号或间隔的复合名词，将主要的词变成复数 passer-bypassers-by; mother-in-lawmothers-in-law d. 复合名词中的单词没有名词时，则在最后一个单词的词尾+s go-betweengo-betweens, has-beenha
9、s-beens (过时的人或物) 12. 用复数的固定词组 常见的不可数名词有： thanks to; give regards to; take pains; with best wishes; have words with; in high spirits; in all directions; shake hands with sb; make preparations for; make friends with; congratulations (to sb) on (doing) sth -物质/材料：air; beancurd; beef; blood; bread; butt
10、er; chalk; chicken; chocolate; cloth; coal; coffee; corn; cream; daylight; cotton; dirt; dust; energy; cheese; fibre; fog; food; fruit; flesh; four; glass; gold; grain; grass; hair; honey; iron; kerosene; lightning; meat; milk; money; moustache; mud; music; mutton; hay; oxygen; paper; pork; porridge
11、; powder; rain; ice; rubbish; salt; sauce; silver; steam; steel; storage; sugar; sunrise; sweat; thirst; thunder; water; wheat; wind; wood; wool; soap; vinegar; wine; soup; baggage; clothing; furniture; luggage; jewelry; equipment; electricity; homework; -抽象：time; noise; information; knowledge; prog
12、ress; trouble; fun; courage; luck；patience；poverty; wealth；traffic；waste； quality; advice; attention; business; citizenship; danger; darkness; death; depth; damage; comfort; education; disappointment; experience(经验); freedom; future, goodness, graduation; grammar; happiness; health; hunger; imaginat
13、ion; importance; justice; kindness; luck; measure; labour; humor; permission; pressure; practice; pleasure; population; sickness; smoking; sorrow; starvation; treatment; truth; use; willingness; wisdom; weather; work; housework; pollution; * 不可数名词也可以直接加-s等表示复数，但它的意义也有所变化，用来指一些具体的事物。 -Cake is a kind
14、of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) -These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) -This factory produces steel. 这个工厂生产钢铁。(不可数) -We need various steels. 我们需要各种钢材。(可数) -Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。(不可数) -Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。(可数) water(水) - waters(水域)， sea(海) - seas(海域) sand - sands wood - woods damage - d
15、amages good - goods time - times custom - customs minute - minutes manner - manners advice - advices force - forces return - returns green - greens light - lights iron - irons glass - glasses freedom (自由) -four freedoms (特指四大自由) necessity - necessities modernization (现代化) - the four modernizations (
16、特指四个现代化) exercise - exercises spirit - in high spirits paper - papers custom - customs character- characters experience - experiences l *修饰可数名词不可数名词的词或短语 2 只修饰可数名词的词或短语： Many；several；few /a few; a great(good) many; a number of; a large(great) number of; (large/great) numbers of 只修饰不可数名词的词或短语： Much l
17、ittle a great amount of a little a bit of a good(great) deal of 修饰可数名词和不可数名词的词或短语： Some enough most a lot of lots of plenty of Much too + adj v.s too much + n l *可转化为可数名词的抽象名词 抽象名词一般为不可数名词，不能和冠词连用，但以下这些抽象名词加a/an 表示具体的事物或人 honour; death; pleasure; success; failure; comfort; surprise; worry; beauty; w
18、onder; envy; shock; shame; regret; joy; danger; shame; pity; experience; l 抽象名词部分 1. Of+抽象名词=相应的形容词 A man of sense=a sensible man;of wealth=a wealthy man;of experience=an experienced;of courage=a courageous 2. of + 表示大小、长短、深度、高度、年龄、颜色、材料 We are of the same age. The two dresses are of different mater
19、ials. 3. in + height/ length/ size/ width/ depth The lake is about 60 meters in depth. The rope is 10 meters in length. 4. by the hour/ by the dozen We are paid by the hour. Energy is measured in calories. 5. with/ in / by/ on + (great + )抽象名词 = 副词 I met Lisa by accident (=accidentally) in London. l
20、 不可数名词的计量形式： 不可数名词没有词形变化，需要计量时， a glass of water a piece of bread 可用of连接相应的表量单位词，并加以数 two glasses of water four pieces of bread 词和变表量单位词为复数的形式来表示 v 但现代英语中，单位词的用法有变化 two coffees(= two cups of coffee); two ices(= two pieces of ice) 不可数名词表量的 chalk a cake of soap jewellery a drop of water news a fit of
21、anger bread a lump of sugar furniture a slice of cake equipment a glass of wine a piece of luggage a suit of clothes 阳性+ ess, actor - actress; prince - princess ine等表阴waiter - waitress; hero - heroine 性 host - hostess; emperor - empress author - authoress; poet - poetess trainer - trainee; employer
22、- employee examiner - examinee; tester - testee interviewer - interviewee; investigator - investigatee; promisor(立约者) - promisee(守约者) 形式 information a sack of flour advice an article of furniture clothing a bar of chocolate paper a loaf of bread mail a burst of laughter 名以er, or结词尾表主的动；以ee性 结尾表被动 3
