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1、Culture Shock 文化冲击 Culture Shock DEFINING CULTURE SHOCK 定义 Culture shock is a mental state that comes from the transition that occurs when you go from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one and find that your old, established patterns of behavior are ineffective. culture shock can cause you to
2、feel “out of sorts,” “fatigued” and “not wholly in the moment.” REACTIONS TO CULTURE SHOCK 反应 prepared when you experience some of these reactions Antagonism toward the new environment A sense of disorientation Feelings of rejection Upset stomach and headaches Homesickness Missing friends and family
3、 Feeling a loss of status and influence Withdrawal Perceiving members of the host culture to be insensitive THE STAGES OF CULTURE SHOCK (THE U-CURVE) (过程，步骤) You should view the stages as a U-shaped curve. “The U-curve depicts the initial optimism and elation(兴高采烈，欢欣鼓舞) in the host culture, the subs
4、equent dip in the level of adaptation, and the following gradual recovery. Excitement Phase. The first phase, visualized as the top of the left side of the U-curve, is usually filled with excitement, hopefulness, as the individual anticipates being exposed to a new culture. Disenchantment Phase. Thi
5、s second phase begins when you recognize the reality of the new setting and some initial problems begin to develop. The second phase is a period when difficulties of language, inadequate schools for the children, poor housing, crowded transportation, chaotic shopping, and the like begin taking their
6、 toll. Beginning Resolution Phase. The third phase is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture. Here the person is gradually making some adjustments and modifications in how he or she is coping with the new culture. Events and people now seem much more predictable and less stre
7、ssful. Effective Functioning Phase. In this final phase, at the top of the right side of the U-curve, the person now understands the key elements of the new culture (values, special customs, beliefs, communication patterns, etc.). Ones ability to live and function within two cultures (the old and th
8、e new) is frequently accompanied(陪伴)by feelings of elation and satisfaction. When this happens, the returnee experiences the same four phases of adjustment we discussed in the U-curve. This gives rise to the term “W-curve,” because it joins two U-curves together. THE LESSONS OF CULTURE SHOCK Our dis
9、cussion of culture shock was predicated on two premises. First, each year millions of people go abroad to work, travel, and study. Second, many of those experiences end up producing stress, homesickness, and confusion. Although we have placed the topic of culture shock under the category of “problem
10、s,” we would be remiss if we concluded our discussion without emphasizing the idea that culture shock can be an explicit learning experience. Experiencing culture shock has a strong potential to make people be multicultural Beyond Culture Shock Newcomers may not be ready to learn and practice social
11、 behaviors appropriate to the new culture in the initial period of settlement. It is not unusual for recent arrivals 。 During the initial adjustment period, new arrivals will most likely experience the fears and feelings of isolation, being disliked, and distrust we described earlier as culture shoc
12、k. ACCULTURATION: ADJUSTING TO A NEW CULTURE Acculturation, as you might guess, is the process of learning to live in a new culture. Berry defines acculturation as the dual process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between two or more cultural groups and th
13、eir individual members. . . . At the individual level it involves changes in a persons behavioral repertoire. Language It is obvious that someone living in a new culture “must meet the challenges of language barriers, unfamiliar customs and practices, and cultural variations in verbal and nonverbal
14、communication styles in order to achieve successful understanding. Disequilibrium Successful adaptation demands a certain level of knowledge about the host culture and requires you to make correct choices regarding that knowledge. According to Kim, sojourners are, “at least temporarily, in a state o
15、f disequilibrium, which is manifested(显露) in many emotional lows of uncertainty, confusion, and anxiety. The disequilibrium associated with adaptation raises two conflicting issues: (1) a relative preference for maintaining ones native culture and identity, and (2) a relative preference for having c
16、ontact with and interacting with members of the host culture. These conflicting issues lead to four forms of coping for the sojourner moving into a new culture. These range from full acceptance of the new culture to almost total rejection. The first, assimilation, occurs when immigrants no longer wi
17、sh to maintain their native cultural identity and seek to become absorbed into the host society. The second is separation, which occurs when immigrants value holding on to their native culture, turn their backs on interaction with the host culture, and turn inward toward their native culture. The th
18、ird form, integration, occurs when sojourners have an interest in maintaining their native culture during daily interactions with people from the host culture. In this situation, some degree of the sojourners native culture is maintained, while they simultaneously try to function as an integral memb
19、er of their host cultures social network. The final form is marginalization, which occurs where there is little possibility of maintaining ones native cultural heritage (often due to forced cultural loss) or little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimin
20、ation). Ethnocentrism. Barriers to acculturation often spring up because of ethnocentrism, leading to prejudice, which in turn results in mistrust, hostility, and even hate. According to Gouttefarde, members of the host culture also experience many of the adaptation symptoms associated with the sojo
21、urner: feelings of anxiety, fear, depression, ineptitude, and fatigue. Stress-Adaptation-Growth Dynamic. entering the new culture the sojourner encounters stress as a result of developing a diminished ability to function normally. That is, he or she becomes stressed when confronted with new and diff
22、erent ways of dealing with daily life. To reduce the stress, the sojourner develops and incorporates new cultural norms required to function normally and thereby begins adaptation to the new environment. Through continual experience of stress-adaptation, the individuals perspectives broaden, resulti
23、ng in personal growth. The three components of stress-adaptation-growth constitute a dynamic process. ADAPTATION STRATEGIES Make Personal Contact with the Host Culture Direct contact with the host culture promotes and facilitates successful adaptation to a new culture. Learn About the Host Culture.
24、Adaptation becomes less troublesome if you become aware of the fundamentalcharacteristics of the culture in which you will be living. Chen and Starosta note, “Culture awareness refers to an understanding of ones own and others cultures that affect how people think and behave. This includes understanding commonalities of human behavior and differences in cultural patterns. Participate in Cultural Activities. Attend social, religious, and cultural events. If possible, try to interact with members of the host culture while attending these events.
