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1、蛛网膜下腔出血,Subarachnoid Hemorrhage,SAH,南京医科大学第一附属医院神经内科 牛 琦,学习重点,蛛网膜下腔出血的临床表现、诊断和治疗原则,SAH-Anatomy,SAH-Anatomy,DEFINITION,蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH):Bleeding that occurs outside of the brain parenchyma and into the CSF 自发性:脑底部动脉瘤或脑动静脉畸形破裂,血液直接流入蛛网膜下腔 继发性:脑实质或脑室出血、外伤性硬膜下或硬膜外出血流入蛛网膜下腔,病因(Etiolog
2、y),粟粒样动脉瘤(Saccular aneurysm):约75梭形动脉瘤(berry aneurysm):高血压、动脉硬化所致,病因(Etiology),动静脉畸形(AVM)青年人多见Moyamoya病:儿童多见其它:cardiac myxoma,septic aneurysms,pituitary apoplexy,cocaine abuse,anticoagulants,sickle cell,superficial CNS siderosis,发病机制,遗传和先天发育缺陷+高血压、动脉粥样硬化或血涡流冲击等,导致粟粒样动脉瘤和脑动静脉畸形破裂动脉炎或肿瘤直接侵蚀血管,病理及病理生理(P
3、athophysiology),8590的先天性粟粒样动脉瘤位于前循环,是血管壁特别是分叉处发育薄弱形成,多为单发;约20的病例为多发,多位于两侧相同血管(镜相动脉瘤)。,病理及病理生理(Pathophysiology),动脉瘤破裂频率为:颈内动脉及分叉部40,大脑前动脉及前交通动脉30,大脑中动脉及分支20,椎基底动脉及分支10;后循环常见于基底动脉尖和小脑后下动脉。,病理,蛛网膜下腔血液沉积在脑底池和脊髓池中,如鞍上池、桥小脑池、环池、小脑延髓池和终池等,呈紫红色,大量出血可见薄层血凝块覆盖于颅底血管、神经和脑表面。蛛网膜呈无菌性炎症反应,蛛网膜及软膜增厚,色素沉着,脑与血管或神经粘连。脑
4、实质内广泛白质水肿,皮质可见多发斑块状缺血灶,临床表现(Clinical findings),流行病学(epidemiology):Rupture of aneurysm occurs msot often during the fourth to sixth decades.With an approximately equal sex distribution.Intracranial AVMs,occur twice as often in men and usually bleed in the second to fourth decades.,临床表现(Clinical findi
5、ngs),症状和体征:Symptoms and signs剧烈头痛:severe headache:”the worst headache ever had in my life”意识丧失:Loss of consciousness 呕吐:vomiting脑膜刺激征:Meningeal irritation:neck stiffness,Kernig sign,Brudzinshi sign,临床表现(Clinical findings),体温升高:Temperature elevations癫痫:Seizures玻璃体下出血:Perertinal globular subhyaloid he
6、morrhages动眼神经麻痹:Oculomotor nerve palsy,偏瘫、失语、视野缺损等 hemiparesis,aphasia,defect of the visual fields and etc.,临床表现(Clinical findings),60岁以上老年SAH患者临床表现常不典型(atypical),起病较缓慢(slow),头痛、脑膜刺激征不明显(mild)意识障碍及脑实质损较重(severity),可以精神症状起病(mental disorders)常伴心脏损害、肺部感染、消化道出血、泌尿系感染和胆道感染等并发症(complications)易漏诊或误诊(neglec
7、ted or misdiagnosis),临床表现(Clinical findings),并发症(complications)再出血(recurrence of hemorrhage)脑血管痉挛(cerebrovascular spasm)合并脑实质内或脑室出血(intraparenchymal extension ofhemorrhage)急性或亚急性脑积水(acute or subacute hydrocephalus)其它,如癫痫或低钠血症(others,seizures or hyponatremia,etc),辅助检查(Investigative Study),颅内动脉瘤破裂引起的蛛
8、网膜下腔出血常可根据CT平扫显示蛛网膜下腔积血确诊,若无此征象,腰穿显示脑脊液非血性,可排除SAH,辅助检查(Investigative Study),CT(首选,早期诊断,安全敏感),DSA,AVM,aneurysms,辅助检查(Investigative Study),MRA:可见动脉瘤CSF:均匀一致血性脑脊液,可有黄变征TCD:可发现脑血管痉挛心电图血常规、血生化、凝血功能检查等,诊断和鉴别诊断,诊断:病史体征影像学检查 突发头痛伴呕吐颈强CT鉴别诊断:高血压性脑出血(hypertensive hemorrhage)颅内感染(CNS infection)瘤卒中(Tumor bleedi
9、ng)其它(others),SAH与脑出血的鉴别要点,治 疗Treatment,内科治疗(medical treatment),一般处理:绝对卧床、镇静、通便、止痛、营养支持、禁用损伤血小板功能的药物控制颅内压:甘露醇、速尿、白蛋白脱水预防再出血:抗纤溶药、止血药等钙通道阻滞剂:nimotop放脑脊液疗法:严格掌握适应证,手术治疗(surgical treatment),手术治疗是根除病因、防止复发的有效方法动脉瘤:夹闭、切除或介入,应注意选择手术时机,防治脑血管痉挛,动脉瘤性SAH患者Hunt和Hess临床分级,手术治疗(surgical treatment),动静脉畸形:切除、结扎、介入、刀等,预后(prognosis),与病因、年龄、动脉瘤部位、大小、出血量、血压增高及波动、合并症及时手术治疗有关,