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1、水煤浆应用技术可行性报告中国科学院力学研究所2004年3月25日一、水煤浆水煤浆是煤炭深加工的新型产品，是由约6570%的煤粉和2934%的水及1%左右的微量化学添加剂制备成的浆体，俗称高浓度水煤浆，英文缩写为“CWM”（coal water mixture）或“CWS”(coal water slurry)。水煤浆是新型洁净的代油燃料，具有良好的流动性和稳定性，装卸自如，贮运不沉淀，可长距离泵送管道运输，也可铁路罐车、汽车槽车运输、船舶运输。水煤浆雾化性能良好，可稳定着火，直接燃烧，水煤浆的热值取决于原煤料的热值和制备浓度，一般相当于重油热值的一半，在工业锅炉、工业窑炉、电站锅炉可代油燃烧。
2、二、水煤浆技术的发展水煤浆是在中浓度煤浆和油浆基础上发展起来的一种新型的浆体燃料。地球有限的石油资源促进了水煤浆技术的出现。二十世纪七十年代世界范围内发生两次石油危机，石油价格暴涨加快了水煤浆代油技术的开发和工业应用。二十世纪八十年代初，我国和世界技术发达国家同时起步研究水煤浆技术，并逐步进入工业应用，技术业已成熟。我国现有水煤浆制备厂10座以上，总生产能力约为400万吨/年，所生产的水煤浆作为替代油的燃料，广泛应用于冶金、建材、轻工、化工等各种工业行业的燃油工业锅炉和工业窑炉、电力行业燃油电厂、石油行业燃油热电站及油田燃油各种锅炉。我国水煤浆工业应用技术正在向广度和深度方向发展，向大型化和系
3、统化方向发展，有广泛的应用前景。三、制备水煤浆原料煤的选择制备水煤浆原料煤，一般尽量选择低灰、低硫、低水分、中高发热量、高挥发份、高灰熔点的优质动力煤。如气煤、肥煤、长焰煤、弱粘煤、不粘煤、褐煤等煤种均可作为制备水煤浆的原料煤种。原料煤经洗选加工，用浮选精煤或水洗精煤制浆。四、水煤浆添加剂制备水煤浆需要添加剂，添加剂量约为0.51.0%。添加剂的作用是改变煤颗粒的表面性质，需添加两种添加剂，一种为分散剂，另一种为稳定剂。分散剂属表面活性剂，其作用是在水煤浆制备过程中，提高煤颗粒的表面润湿性，促进煤颗粒在水中分散，改善水煤浆流变特性，降低水煤浆粘度，使水煤浆具有良好的流动性。稳定剂的作用是使水煤
4、浆在储存和输运期间能保持性态均匀，使煤颗粒在固液两相混合物中保持稳定，阻止煤颗粒沉淀，使煤颗粒均匀地悬浮在水中，保持水煤浆的稳定性。五、制浆工艺及主要工艺设备根据制浆精煤物态的不同，我国自行开发两种水煤浆制备工艺：浮选精煤制浆工艺和水选精煤制浆工艺。一般采用湿法磨制，主要工艺设备为球磨机或振动球磨机。定量向磨机供煤、水、添加剂，磨机按设计工况运行，磨出的浆经滤浆、搅拌，加稳定剂后存贮在专用的水煤浆贮罐中待外运。六、水煤浆特性重量浓度：672（%）平均粒径：4550mm粒度分布：7593最大粒度：250mm常温粘度：10001200cp低位热值：46004800kcal/kg七、水煤浆贮存水煤浆
5、制备厂制备出的成品浆贮存在专用的水煤浆贮罐中。水煤浆贮罐有钢结构的，也有钢筋混凝土结构的。水煤浆贮罐带有加热、保温、防腐、防沉淀、清洗、计量等技术措施。八、水煤浆输运水煤浆的输运方式有：管道输运：用于大运量、长距离水煤浆输运。铁路罐车输运：用于中小运量、长距离水煤浆输运。汽车罐车输运：用于小运量、短距离水煤浆输运。船舶输运：用于沿海港口至港口间的水煤浆输运。上述水煤浆输运方式均有工业应用实例。如山东枣庄八一水煤浆厂至广西桂林钢厂，铁路罐车输运距离长达2200公里。山东兖日水煤浆厂生产的水煤浆由山东日照市5000吨海船运至日本北九州1100公里，又转至冈山港400公里。九、水煤浆燃烧水煤浆燃烧是
6、通过雾化器喷成雾滴在炉膛内燃烧，其燃烧过程大体可分为四个阶段：水分受热蒸发、挥发分析出着火燃烧、固定碳燃烧、焦碳燃烬。水煤浆着火温度：一般为425550，比同煤种煤粉的着火温度约低100。水煤浆燃烧的雾化介质：水煤浆雾化可采用蒸汽，也可采用压缩空气进行雾化，均能达到预期的雾化效果。炉膛燃烧温度：水煤浆燃烧时，炉膛温度在没有助燃剂情况下可达1350以上，比燃油时低100200。水煤浆燃烧器及喷嘴：必须采用水煤浆专用的燃烧器及喷嘴。喷嘴的材料要选择耐磨、耐腐蚀的材料，要求喷嘴有良好的雾化性能、防堵性能、调节性能，并能降低气耗性，提高经济性。锅炉负荷调节范围：燃水煤浆锅炉负荷调节范围为40100%，
7、均能稳定燃烧。燃水煤浆污染物排放量：由于水煤浆中的灰分只有5%左右，水煤浆燃烧灰渣量较少。由于水煤浆燃烧温度较低，因此燃烧时的NOX排放量低，容易达到环保标准。二氧化硫的的排放量取决于原料煤的含硫量，为降低二氧化硫的排放量，可在炉前在水煤浆中加入一定量的脱硫剂，在炉内燃烧脱硫。十、水煤浆经济性水煤浆制备厂建设投资，吨浆投资约为100元/吨。规模越大，吨浆投资越少。由于各地原煤价格差别加大，因此水煤浆的生产价格也会有差异。目前水煤浆出厂价约为350400元/吨，而重油市场价为11001300元/吨。以一台230t/h锅炉为例，燃水煤浆与燃油相比，单位发电成本降0.07元/度，年燃料费节约1300
8、1500多万元。十一、力学所水煤浆技术应用实例1. 北京印染厂15 t/h与20 t/h工业锅炉水煤浆代油燃烧技术应用北京印染厂有七台工业锅炉，总供气量为130 t/h，向纺织厂和印染厂等单位供汽，年耗重油1.5万吨，耗煤2.5万吨。为贯彻“以煤代油”的政策，1984年该厂与中国科学院合作开发水煤浆代油燃烧技术。采用的是中国科学院力学研究所的水煤浆燃烧技术。首先在15 t/h燃油锅炉试烧水煤浆，并取得成功。在此基础上，又对三台20 t/h油煤混烧锅炉进行改造，建立了水煤浆卸、储、运系统，达到了连续输送和稳定燃烧。90年代初,为扩大蒸汽用量,该厂投资建成了一台20t/h水煤浆锅炉。该锅炉由于全烧
9、水煤浆,一年可节油3000吨以上,社会效益和经济效益是显著的。1.1.15 t/h燃油锅炉改造工程试验 燃烧器采用两个预燃室和一个主喷枪,集中布置在前墙。使用直流型低压气动雾化喷嘴,每个喷嘴水煤浆流量为600900 kg/h;预燃室出口温度可达12501350C。水煤浆燃烧器结构简单，操作方便。经过多次试验，在锅炉上实现了冷风冷炉条件下的点火启动和稳定燃烧水煤浆。水煤浆的燃烧效率90%。对不同浓度和粘度的水煤浆进行了试验，都可正常燃烧，预燃室稳燃性能好，适应性强。1.2.20 t/h油煤混烧锅炉改造工程八十年代末,对北京印染厂1#、2#、3#三台20 t/h油煤混烧锅炉进行了改造。该20 t/
10、h油煤锅炉原是SHL-13型双锅筒横置式链条锅炉,后因煤质多变,且有变差趋势,因此,在侧墙增加了油枪,进行油煤混烧,以提高燃烧稳定性和锅炉效率。为实现以水煤浆代油,在侧墙加装水煤浆燃烧器,进行水煤浆煤混烧。混烧结果表明,燃烧稳定,燃烧器出口温度达到12001300C，炉膛温度达到12001450C。锅炉热效率达到77.85%，仅比油煤混烧时,锅炉热效率低0.5%,这表明采用水煤浆技术达到了煤代油目的。1.3.20t/h水煤浆锅炉建成90年代初,该厂为扩大蒸汽用量,建成了一台20t/h水煤浆锅炉。采用中科院力学所的燃烧技术方案:两个燃烧器和一个主喷燃器相组合。1993年下半年开始调试并投入运行(
11、供暖期)。运行结果表明,在冷风冷炉条件下,可以直接用水煤浆启动锅炉;运行过程中燃烧稳定,从未出现喷嘴堵塞或脱火现象;在百忙之中5%负荷下,是煤浆仍能维持自稳燃烧。炉膛出口温度1100,生产的蒸汽参数稳定,可并网供生产用汽。1.4.环保测试15t/h锅炉燃烧水煤浆时，NOx排放值为100135ppm， 烟气林格曼黑度小于1度；20t/h水煤浆煤混烧锅炉，NOx排放值为45ppm， 烟气林格曼黑度小于1度; 20t/h水煤浆锅炉燃烧水煤浆时,NOx150ppm, 烟气林格曼黑度小于1度。1.5.经济效益目前水煤浆成本350400元/吨，运费200元/吨，而议价柴油约2000元/吨。而每两吨水煤浆可
12、替代1吨油。因此从燃料价格看，每烧两吨水煤浆等于可以节约1000元左右的用油费用。如印染厂三台20 t/h水煤浆煤混烧锅炉，每年节油4000吨，即可以节省400万元的燃料费用。我国是缺油国家，燃用水煤浆比燃油、燃煤降低污染，保护环境，可以使煤炭资源得到充分利用，所以燃用水煤浆具有显著的社会效益，将工业锅炉改烧水煤浆不但可以降低污染和保护环境、还可提高能源利用效率，是应该大力推广的实用新型技术。2. 安太堡煤矿燃用煤泥浆干燥技术应用安太堡煤矿干燥车间以煤泥作为燃料替代原煤作燃料进行干燥煤泥，不加添加剂。煤泥加水稍加稀释后经强烈搅拌制备成煤泥浆。通过中科院力学所的燃烧试验得出结论：安太堡煤矿煤泥在
13、不加添加剂的条件下，可以制备成浓度60%以上的煤泥浆，具有一定的流动性和稳定性；可以在较低压力下泵送和雾化；煤泥燃烧迅速、燃烧稳定，出口温度达800C左右，可以满足用户要求。2.1.安太堡煤矿干燥车间燃用煤泥浆改造工程安太堡煤矿干燥车间热烟气炉设计用煤泥浆(含水25%左右)燃烧来代替部分干燥用煤。煤泥浆是开发高浓度水煤浆伴生出来的特殊燃料，从燃烧特性看，可以用来代替油作为一种低NOx和SO2排放的新型燃料。煤泥浆的原料取自真空过滤机，采用螺旋运输机把煤泥量分流出的一部分输出并加水搅拌，使煤泥浆的含水量达到40%左右。制浆煤泥经搅拌桶进行强力搅拌，然后经螺杆泵把煤泥浆泵送到两台燃烧炉的侧墙上设置
14、的12支喷嘴上进行雾化燃烧。每台燃烧炉燃用煤泥浆约5t/h，煤泥的高位发热量为5394kcal/kg。2.2.环境保护干燥车间燃烧炉燃烧时产生的煤烟和飞尘，以及干燥机对煤泥进行干燥时，热烟气流将细煤泥带走而生成的煤尘，均通过干燥机后进入了除尘器，对于烟尘进行了有效的捕集，因此烟尘得到了有效的处理。另外，所有制浆设备、输送、储存以及燃烧设备，噪音都不大于85分贝，对于环境不造成危害。2.3.经济效益 安太堡选煤厂每年生产煤泥90万吨，需要进行干燥，每年干燥需要的燃料高达7.65万吨原煤。燃用煤泥做为2/3的干燥用煤后，煤泥作为燃料可以替代出5.05万吨原煤。因此每年可获效益197.7万元，投资1
15、50万元当年即可收回投资并有一定经济效益。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave
16、radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.待添加的隐藏文字内容1As a kid, I was fascinated w
17、ith what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting nex
18、t to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable
19、free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just l
20、ine up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix
21、 Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with ski
22、n no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung hi
23、s head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitat
24、ion or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruisin
25、g altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix
26、 will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distan
27、ce, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to
28、slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-
29、foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes a
30、s planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
