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1、倒装句 倒装句 一、英语倒装的概念与分类 英语句子的结构一般是“主语 + 谓语”，语法上称这种语序为自然语序。但有时由于出于语法结构的需要或修辞的需要，常把句子中的一部分或全部倒转过来，这种语序就是倒装语序。 英语的倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装。其中部分倒装指的是将谓语的一部分位于主语前，其句式与一般疑问句的相同。如： She hardly has time to listen to music.=Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他几乎没时间听音乐。 而完全倒装则指将谓语动词完全置于主语前。完全倒装一般具有以下两个条件： 谓语动词是单个
2、(即不带情态动词、助动词或be)的不及物动词，且只限于一般现在时或一般过去时。 主语只能是名词。 Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。 二、几类常见的部分倒装句类型 1. 否定型倒装 在正式文体中，如果将never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后的句子要用部分倒装。如： I never saw him again. Never did I see him aga
3、in. He seldom goes out for dinner. Seldom does he go out for dinner. She hardly has time to listen to music. Hardly does she have time to listen to music. He little realized the danger he faced. Little did he realize the danger he faced. 对于notuntil句型，当not until位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序。如： He didnt leave the
4、 room until the rain stopped. Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装。如： On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。 In Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。 2. only型倒装 当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序。如： Only in thi
5、s way can we learn English. 只有这样才能学会英语。 Only then did I understand what she meant. 只有到那时我才明白她的意思。 Only for the love of his family does he do such hard work. 只为了他对家庭的爱，他做这么辛苦的工作。 注意：“only+状语”置于句首句子倒装的几种情况 请看下面一道涉及only的倒装试题： Only in this way _ able to finish the work in time. A. can you be B. are you
6、C. you can be D. you are 此题应选 B。容易误选D。至于A，C，这比较容易排除，因为情态动词 can 不能与 be able to用在同一谓语中。本题之所以要选B而不选D，主要是因为句首用了only in thisway的缘故，按照英语语法规则：“only+状语”位于句首，句子通常要用倒装语序。如： 1. “only +副词”位于句首。如： Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 只是到了那时我才意识到是我错了。 2. “only+介词短语”位于句首。如： Only by working hard can you succee
7、d. 只有努力工作你才能成功。 Only in the reading-room can you find him. 你只有在阅览室才能找到他。 3. “only+状语从句”位于句首。如： Only when one loses freedom does one know itsvalue. 一个人只有在失去自由后才知道自由的可贵。 注意：若位于句首的不是only+状语，而是 only+宾语等，则通常无需倒装。如： Only a policeman the children saw in the street. 孩子们在街上只看到一个警察。 3. so型倒装 当副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首
8、时，其后通常用部分倒装。如： So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想象它的速度。 So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。 以so开头的句子还有这样一种倒装表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，这类倒装的基本结构是“so+助动词+主语”
9、。如： You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。 She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。 If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。 4. not only型倒装 当not onlybut also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式。如： Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。 Not only did he speak more correctly, but h
10、e spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。 三、完全倒装的四种类型 完全倒装的基本形式是“谓语+主语”，主要涉及以下几种类型： 一、here类 当表示地点的here和 there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词。如： Heres Tom. 汤姆在这里。Theres Jim. 吉姆在那儿。Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。 这类倒装句的主语只
11、能是名词，若主语为代词，则不能倒装。如： Here it comes. 它来了。 二、away类 副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后也用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。如： Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。 Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。 The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了，史密斯先生进了来。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrel
12、las. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。 这类倒装句的主语也只能是名词，若主语为代词，则不用倒装。如： Away he went. 他跑远了。Down it came. 它掉了下来。 三、状语或表语类 为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装。如： Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。 By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。 在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的
13、谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较： In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。 四、非谓语动词类 有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装。如： Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。 Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。 To be carefully considered are the f
14、ollowing questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。 四、让步状语从句倒装用法系统归纳 有这样一道考题： _, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. A. A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he may be D. Quiet as he may be a student C. Be a quiet student as he may 这道题很有一定难度。具体说来，它主要涉及两个考点：一是让步状语从句倒装后的词序问题。让步状语从句之所以要采用倒装结构，
15、主要是为了强调位于句首的名词、形容词、副词、动词等，其词序形式为：被强调的成分+as / though + 主语+动词。二是在倒装的让步状语从句中，位于句首的单数可数名词是否带冠词的问题。按照英语习惯，英语中的单数可数名词在泛指时，一般要有不定冠词的修饰，但是位于倒装让步状语从句句首的单数可数名词是个例外，即使泛指其前也不加不定冠词。由此可知，上面这道考题的答案应为B。 为了全面掌握让步状语从句的倒装用法，现将这类语法现象归纳为以下五种句型： 一、名词+as / though+主语+动词 King as he was, he was unhappy. 他虽是国王，但他并不幸福。 Child a
16、s he is, he knows to help other. 他虽是个孩子，但却知道帮助别人。 Teacher though he is, he cant know everything.他虽然是老师，但也不可能什么都懂。 其中的动词通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的名词是其后连系动词的表语。另外，要特别注意位于句首的名词前习惯上不用冠词，即使其前有形容词修饰也不用冠词。比较： Boy as though he is, he likes to play with girls.=Though Although he is a boy, he likes to play with girls.
17、 他虽是男孩，却喜欢与女孩子玩。 Strong man as though he is, General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks.= Though Although he is a strong man, General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks. 波赛将军虽然坚强，但在过去的数周里也受到了严峻的考验。 二、形容词+as / though+主语+动词 Successful as he
18、 is, he is not proud. 他虽然成功，但不骄傲。 Improbable as it seems, its true. 虽然看起来不太可能，但却是真的。 Stupid as it sounds，I was so in love with her that I believed her. 尽管听起来很愚蠢，我是如此爱她竟然相信了她的话。 Patient as he was，he didnt like waiting that long. 他虽说有耐心，也不愿等这么长。 Beautiful though the necklace was，we thought it was over
19、-priced. 那条项链虽然很漂亮，我们认为价钱太高。 其中的动词也通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的形容词是其后连系动词的表语。 三、副词+as / though+主语+动词 Much as I like Paris, I couldnt live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。 Hard though they tried, they couldnt make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。 Fast as you read, you cant finish the book in two days. 尽管你读得很快
20、，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。 He was unable to make much progress, hard as he tried. 尽管他做了努力，却未能取得很大进步。 有的词典将much as 作为习语看待，认为它是一个用以引导让步状语从句的复合连词。再如： Much as I admire him as a writer，I do not like him as a man. 他作为一名作家我很佩服他，但我却不喜欢他这个人。 Much as I like you, I couldnt live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你, 却不能和你在一起生活。 四、动词原形+as
21、/ though+主语+动词 Object as you may, Ill go. 纵使你反对，我也要去。 Try as he might, he couldnt solve the problem. 尽管他想方设法，却未解决这个问题。 Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。 Dislike him as we may, we must acknowledge his greatness. 尽管我们不喜欢他，但必须承认他的伟大。 Lose money as I did,
22、 we got a lot of experience. 钱虽然丢了，我们却得到了许多经验。 Fail in the election as he did, he became famous for his fiery speech against slavery. 尽管落选了，但他却以其反对奴隶制的激烈演说而出了名。 主语后的动词通常为may, might, would, did 等情态动词或助动词(若表示情态意义，则选用情态动词；若陈述事实，则用did, do 等助动词)。 五、分词+as / though+主语+动词 Raining hard as it is, Im going out
23、 for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。 Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。 Munching the apple as he was, he had got an eye for all Johns movements. 他尽管在一个劲地嚼着苹果，但仍警惕着约翰的一举一动。 1. 这类倒装的让步状语从句可用as, though 来引导，但不能用although来引导；但是，未倒装的让步状语从句则可用though, although来
24、引导，而不能用as来引导。也就是说，although引导让步状语从句时不能倒装，as引导让步状语从句时必须倒装，而though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装也可以不倒装。如： 虽然很晚了，但我们还是继续工作。 正：Late as though it was, we still went on working. 正：Though Although it was late, we still went on working. 误：Late although it was, we still went on working. 误：As it was late, we still went on work
25、ing. 习题： 1. 考查never置于句首时的倒装 (1) Never in my wildest dreams _ these people are living in such poor conditions. A. I could imagine B. could I imagine C. I couldnt imagine D. couldnt I imagine D. this city was (2) Never before _ in greater need of modern public transport than it is today. A. has this c
26、ity been B. this city has beenC. was this city 2. 考查little置于句首时的倒装 (1) Little _ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. A. he realized A. have B. he didnt realizeC. didnt he realize D. did he realize C. had D. do (2) They have a good knowledge of
27、English but little _ they know about German B. did 3. 考查seldom置于句首时的倒装 (1) Seldom _ any apology when mistakes are made. A. we receive A. have I read B. do we receive C. we received B. I have read C. had I read D. did we receive (2) Seldom _ an article that was so full of lies. D. I had read 4. 考查har
28、dly / scarcely置于句首时的倒装 Hardly _ Edinburgh than they were ordered to return to London. A. had they reached 5. 考查no sooner等置于句首时的倒装 (1) Did Linda see the traffic accident? No, no sooner _ than it happened. A. had she gone A. have I started 6. 考查nowhere置于句首时的倒装 Maybe you have been to many countries, bu
29、t nowhere else _such a beautiful place. A. can you find 7. 考查by no means等置于句首时的倒装D 当表示否定意义的副词性短语by no mearns, on no accounts, in no case, at no time等置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序。如： Ive tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means _ with my progress. A. the teacher is not satisfied B. is the teacher n
30、ot satisfiedC. the teacher is satisfied 8. 考查not only置于句首时的倒装b 当not onlybut also句式的not only部分置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序。如： _ snacks and drinks but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest. A. Not only they brought B. Not only did theybringC. Not only brought they D. Not
31、only they did bring 9. 考查not until置于句首时的倒装b Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted. A. didnt I realize B. did I realize C. I didnt realize D. I realized 10. 考查“only+状语”置于句首时的倒装 (1) Only then _ how much damage had been caused. A. she realized C. had she realized B. she had realized D.
32、 did she realize D. Yet D. is the teacher satisfied B. you could findC. you can find D. could you find B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gone D. I had started (2) No sooner _ mowing the lawn than it started raining. B. I have started C. had I started B. they had reached C. have the reached
33、D. they have reached (2) _ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies. A. Only B. Just C.Still 11. 考查“so+形容词”置于句首时的倒装 当sothat句式的“so+形容词”部分置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序。如： (1) _ that Maric was able to set up new branches elsewhere. A. So successful her business was B. So succes
34、sful was her business C. So her business was successful D. So was her successful business (2) So difficult _ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice. A. I did find 12. 考查类似“so do I”结构的倒装 B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found So do I这类结构表示的是前面提出的某一肯定的情况，后者也同样适用，通常可译为“也
35、一样”“也是如此”。如： (1) My room gets very cold at night. _. A. So is mine B. So mine is C. So does mine D. So mine does (2) Its burning hot today, isnt it? Yes. _ yesterday. A. So was it 13. 考查类似“nor / neither do I”结构的倒装 nor neither do I这类结构表示的是前面提出的某一否定的情况，后者也同样适用，通常可译为“也一样”“也是如此”。如： If Joes wife wont go to the party, _. A. he will either B. neither will heC. he neither will D. either he will B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it
