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1、儿科名解1/ 4 12 英护袁同慧儿科名解 1.Stages of growth and development: 名解 . Fetal period conceptionbirth胎儿期 . Neonatal period umbilical ligation 28 days 新生儿期 . Infant period birth1 year 婴儿期 . Toddlers age 13 years 幼儿期 . Preschool age 36 years 学龄前期 . School age begin with entry into a school system and end with t
2、he beginning of teenage. (Girls: 711 or 12 years / boys 712 or 13 yrs) 学龄期 . Adolescence begins with the gradual appearance of secondary sex characteristics and end with cessation of body growth. 2.Perinatal period围生期: commences at 28 completed weeks of gestation and ends 7 days after birth. 3.Growt
3、h生长: An increase in measurable physical and physiologic changes. 4.Development发育: A gradual change in function and the individuals capacities. C5.atch up growth 追赶生长(名解)：is an accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed growth, particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation. 6.P
4、hysiological weight loss生理性体重下降：During the first week after birth, infant may loss 3%9% of their weight due to the insufficient milk supply, water loss and meconium excretion. The weight loss reaches the peak at 3 to4 days after birth and return to the level of birth weight at 7 to 10 days after bir
5、th. 7.HeadCircumference (HC) 头围：is the length around above the supraorbital ridges and over the most prominent part of the occiput. 8.Chest Circumference (CC)胸围The length around the chest at the nipple line. Newborn: 32cm; 1 year: CC=HC; 1 year: CCHC 9.UpperArmCircumference (UAC)上臂围: The length arou
6、nd mid-point between the tip of the shoulder and the tip of the elbow (olecranon鹰嘴 and the acromion肩峰) 10.precocious puberty性早熟 In girls, the appearance of the secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years of age. In boys, before 9 years of age. l 11.delayed puberty性发育延迟 In girls, the lack of deve
7、lopment of the secondary sexual characteristics by 14 years of age. In boys, by 16 years of age. 12.Scheduled immunization计划免疫：The process of providing active or passive immunity by planned administering an immunobiologic agent. 13.Active immunity主动免疫: Immune bodies are actively formed against speci
8、fic antigens by the antigen into the individual. 14.Passive immunity被动免疫: Temporary immunity by transfusing immune globulins or antitoxins from another human oranimal. 15.Colostrum (the first milk, foremilk) 初乳 The secretion of breasts withinfour days after delivery; Contains large quantities of imm
9、unologic factors: SIgA 16.Full-term infant (between 38 to 41 gestational妊娠期的 weeks)足月儿 17.Pre-term infant (at 37 weeks or less)早产儿 18.Post-term infant (at 42 weeks or more)过期产儿 19.Normal weight infant (between 2500 to 3999g) 5-8斤正常出生体重儿 20.Low birth weight infant (less than 2500g) 低出生体重儿 21.Very low
10、 birth weight infant (between 1000 to 1499g)极低出生体重儿 22.Extremely low birth weight infant (less than 1000g)超低出生体重儿 23.Giant infant (more than 4000g)巨大儿 24.Small for gestational age (SGA below the 10th percentile for gestational age)小于胎龄儿 25.Average for gestational age (AGA, in the 11th to 90th percen
11、tile)适于胎龄儿 26.Large for gestational age (LGA, greater than the 90th percentile)大于胎龄儿 2/ 4 12 英护袁同慧儿科名解 27.High-risk neonate高危儿：A greater-than-average chance of morbidity or mortality because of various circumstances.The mother with abnormal pregnancy history, infant with abnormal delivery course, ab
12、normal condition at birth, diseases母亲异常妊娠史，异常分娩的新生儿，出生时有异常 28.Neutral temperature适中温度：At this level of environment temperature, there is less demand on infants to maintain a minimal metabolic rate with lowest oxygen consume and heat lose from the body. Immediately care following delivery 中性温度(08级考过)
13、 29.Corrected age: CA = Chronological age (CH) weeks or months premature Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)新生儿黄疸:An increase in serum bilirubin levels. It makes skin and eye yellowed.Unconjugated bilirubin (lipid-soluble); Conjugated bilirubin (water-soluble) 30.Physiologic jaundice生理性黄疸: appears in 23 d
14、ays after birth, peaks on 45 days, and normally disappear within 2 weeks of birth. To preterm baby jaundice disappear until 34 w. No other clinical symptoms. 31.Nonphysiologic jaundice非生理性黄疸: occurs less than 24h after birth, hyperbilirubinemia persists beyond 2w in full-term infant or 4 weeks in a
15、preterm infant. 时间，黄疸出现顺序记住 32.Rickets佝偻病：is likely to develop in children from 3 months to 2 yearsof age. Mainly caused by a lack of vitamin D 33.Protein-energy malnutrition蛋白质能量营养不良：Caused by the various levels of inadequate protein and/or energy intake or may result from inadequate absorption of
16、food. 34.physiological salivate：Saliva increases greatly at age of 56 monthes, due to the shallow mouth floor and limited swallowing, physiological salivate developed. 35.deferred diarrhea迁延性腹泻：2w2m，malnutrition，bottle feeding，unstable stool，infection and multiple organs disfunction 36.dehydration：脱
17、水是指水分摄入不足或丢失过多所引起的体液总量尤其是细胞外液量的减少。除失水外，尚有钠，钾等电解质的丢失。 37.status asthmatics哮喘持续状态：Respiratory distress continues without response to treatment for 24hs or longer.Life threatening asthma is caused by severebronchospasm, excessive mucous secretion,inflammation, and edema of the airways,even die of respi
18、ratory failure. 38.Patent ductusarteriosus (PDA)动脉导管未闭：is an accessory fetal vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. If it fails to close at birth, it will shunt 分流blood from the aorta that is patent ductusarterious. 39.Squatting or a knee chest position 蹲踞症状为什么要蹲踞，期中考过 Unconscious t
19、o relieve fatigue and hypoxia. With the compression of the lower limbs, systematic resistance increased; the venous blood flowing back to right heart decreased, these decrease the right to left shunt, hypoxia relieved temporary. 40.Eisenmenger Syndrome艾森曼格综合症：When the ratio of pulmonary to systemic
20、resistance approaches 1:1, the shunt becomes bi-directional of opposite-directional, the patient becomes cyanotic. (08考) 41.differential cyanosis差异性发绀：when the pulmonary artery pressure over the aorta artery ,the left to right shunt in the PDA will be reversed, the baby present a case in which lower
21、 partare cyanosed, the lower limbs are cyanosed but the upper limbs are not 名解：当肺动脉压力超过主动脉时，即产生右向左分流，患儿呈现下半身青紫，左上肢轻度青瓷，右上肢正常，称为差异性发绀 42.Nephrotic Syndrome(NS)：Nephroticsyndrome(NS) is a group of clinical syndrom that results from increased permeability of GBM to plasma protein. 43.Extramedullary hem
22、atopoiesis随外造血：When severe infection or hemolysis occurs, which requires more blood-forming,extramedullary hematopoiesis appears with the signs including hepatosplenomegaly and enlargement of lymph nodes, erythroblasts or/and granuloblasts in peripheral blood. 44.physiological anemia生理性贫血：Cause：RBC
23、production，RBC destruction，blood dilution, rapidly grow, RBC/HB Time：23 month, In term infant: Hb100g/L, In preterm infant: Hb 7090g/L 45.Anemia贫血：A reduction in the number of the red blood cells or the quantity of hemoglobin to below normal levels in specific peripheral blood volume 46.Hemophilia血友
24、病 is a group of hereditary bleeding disorders that results from a deficiency of a specific coagulation factor. 3/ 4 12 英护袁同慧儿科名解 47.Cerebral palsy (CP)脑性瘫痪） is a non-progressive posture syndrome of the brain damage, which may be defined as a disorder of posture and movement.It often combines with ep
25、ilepsy and abnormalities of intellectual and language. 48.Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura(ITP)特发性血小板减少性紫癜：most common bleeding disorder in children. Characterized by spontaneous bleeding beneath the skin/mucous membranes, thrombocytopenia, as well as prolonged bleeding time, poor clot retraction
26、, and positive tourniquet test. 49.Congenital hypothyroidism 先天性甲减:low metabolism level and physical and mental development disturbance because of deficiency of thyroid hormone of synthesis and secretion and target cell receptor .期中考过 50.Growth Hormone Deficiency生长激素缺乏症： GHD occurs when the producti
27、on of GH, which is secreted by the pituitary gland, is disrupted during infancy or childhood. Decreased levels of GH may result in abnormally short stature with normal body proportions.期中考过 51.Primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) 原发性免疫缺陷病：A PID results whenever one or more essential parts of the i
28、mmune system is missing or not working properly at birth because of a genetic defect. The hallmark of PID is increased susceptibility (敏感性）to infection, but they can cause other problems as well. 52.Rheumatic Fever： is an inflammatory disease that follows an initial infection by some strains of grou
29、p A beta-hemolytic streptococci A组乙型溶血性链球菌. This disorder characterized mainly by arthritis关节炎, chorea舞蹈病, or carditis心脏炎, alone or in combination; the skin (subcutaneous nodules皮下结节 and erythema marginatum环形红斑) may also be involved.期中考过 53.Anaphylactoid purpura过敏性紫癜：alse called Schoenlein-Henoch Sy
30、ndrome .Anaphylactoidpurpura is a form of blood vessel inflammation or vasculitis. Clinical manifestations primarily include palpable purpura, arthralgia or arthritis, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, and nephritis. 期中考过 54.Kawasaki Disease川崎病: Alternative names-Mucocutaneous lymph node sy
31、ndrome (皮肤粘膜淋巴结综合征, MCLS).Kawasaki disease is an acute systemic inflammatory illness that involves inflammation of the blood vessels. The condition is usually accompanied by a fever that lasts at least 5 days. Other classic symptoms may include red eyes, lips, and mouth; rash; swollen and red hands
32、and feet; and swollen lymph nodes. 55.Measles麻疹:Alternative names Rubeola.Measles is an acute respiratory contagious disease caused by measles virus . This disorder characterized mainly by a fever, cough, conjunctivitis ,Kopliks spot(麻疹粘膜斑) and spreading rash 56.Chickenpox水痘:is an acute infectious d
33、isease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV,水痘-带状疱疹病毒), The affected child or adult may develop hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts. Trisomy syndrome ：Altered name-Down Syndrome / Mongolism.21 trisomy syndrome is a genetic disorder that includes a combination of
34、birth defects， including some degree of mental retardation, characteristic facial features and, often, heart defects, visual and hearing impairment and other health problems. 57.Phenylketonuria(名解):Alternative names - PKU ：Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a hereditary disorder in which the amino acid phenyl
35、alanine(苯丙氨酸)is not properly metabolized. PKU can cause severe mental retardation if not treated. 58.Infantile convulsions儿童惊厥:Alternative name -Seizure. Convusions are periods of sudden disturbance of brain function that cause involuntary muscle activity, change in level of consciousness, or altere
36、d behavioral and sensory manifestations. 59.Status epilepticus惊厥持续状态: is a continuous seizure that lasts more than 30 minutes or a series of seizures during which consciousness is not regained. 60.Febrile seizures热性惊厥:They are triggered by a very high fever which could be due to infection.They usual
37、ly happen in children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years and are particularly common in toddlers.Most occur within 12 hours after the fever is highest.They are brief convulsions that usually last less than 10 min duration.Children do not have any signs of a serious infection of the brain (ence
38、phalitis) or of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).Children with cerebral palsy, developmental delays or certain neurological problems are more likely than other children to develop epilepsy(癫痫)after febrile seizures. 61.Hypospadias尿道下裂is a congenital defect that is thou
39、ght to occur embryologically during urethral development, the urethral opening is located on the ventral surface of the penis shaft, this makes voiding in standing position virtually impossible, and serious psychological problems may occur subsequently. 08考 4/ 4 12 英护袁同慧儿科名解 62.Cryptorchidism隐睾:Abse
40、nce of testis from the scrotum ，Fail to descend into the scrotum during fetal development . Normal：the inguinal canal腹股沟管, the ipsilateral scrotum 同侧阴囊 63.Phimosis(包茎) is a condition where the male foreskin cannot be fully retracted from the head of the penis . 64.Paraphimosis(嵌顿包茎)is an uncommon co
41、ndition in which the foreskin, once pulled back behind the glans penis, cannot be brought down to its original position, thus constituting one of the few urologic emergencies including edema or putrescence(坏死）. 11英护 65.Redundant prepuce(包皮过长)refers to a prepuce (also called foreskin) that covers the
42、 glans when not erect and does not automatically fully retract upon erection. 66.Congenital torticollis：Wryneck(歪脖); Contracture of sternocleidomastoid muscle; limited range of motion in both rotation and lateral bending. 67.Developmental dislocation of the hip发育性髋关节脱位： Congenital condition of the h
43、ip joint; dislocated hips; Incidence: 1-2 in China11英护 68.Alliss sign: A clinical sign of DDH in which both hips and knees of the infant in the prone position are flexed and closed together so that a lower knee of the affected side can be found. 69.Skin traction皮牵引 : treatment of fractured bones and
44、 the correction of orthopedic abnormalities. traction on an extremity by means of adhesive tape or another type of strapping applied to the limb. 70.Congenital talipesequinovarus先天性马蹄足内翻:A clubfoot is a congenital foot abnormality. It is one of the most common pediatric orthopedic conditions. The he
45、el tilts in and down, and the forefoot is also turned in. Without treatment, a patient with a clubfoot will walk on the outside of the foot which may produce pain and/or disability. A clubfoot is usually smaller than an unaffected (normal) foot. The calf is also usually smaller on the side of the cl
46、ubfoot. One or both feet may be affected. 71.The Ponseti method：a specialist manipulates the babys foot with their hands. The aim is to correct the bend in the foot. Then a plaster cast is applied from the patients toes to their thigh to hold the foot in position. 72.Congenital Megacolon先天性巨结肠：also
47、called Hirschsprung disease(HD), is a desease happened at intestine,and it is a common congenital anomaly that results in intestinal obstuction,and this disease is genetically determined,which is associated with development stagnation of ganglion cell during embryonic development.it may result of an absence of ganglion cell in one or more segments of intestine, lack of innervation produces the functional defect,that is absence of peristalsis,which cause accumulation of intestinal contents.
