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1、南师大英语写作复习资料写作： 4. Writing an opening paragraph An opening paragraph usually consists of two parts: opening part and thesis statements. 1) Functions of an opening paragraph: Attract readers interest. Present your thesis. 2) Five useful ways to write an opening paragraph (1) Begin with a broad, genera
2、l statement of your topic and narrow it down to your thesis statement. (from a broad topic to your thesis) (2) Use an incident or a brief story. (from a brief story to your thesis) (3) Start with an idea or a situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop. (from an opposite idea or situa
3、tion to your thesis) (4) Ask one or more questions (from a question(s) to your thesis) (5) Use a quotation (from a quotation to your thesis) 5. Writing supporting paragraphs 1) Three bases for writing a supporting paragraph: (1) Support (adequate and specific) (2) Coherence (a)Transitional words: Ty
4、pe 1: Addition signals are used to show accumulation. Type 2: Time Signals are used to show sequence. Type 3: Space signals are used to show location. Type 4: Change of direction signals are used to show contrast. Type 5: Illustration signals are used to show examples. Type 6: Conclusion signals are
5、 used to show consequence. (b) Transitional sentences (c) Other collecting words: Repeated words Pronouns Synonyms(同义词) (3) Unity (a) Make all of the topic sentences in the supporting paragraphs related to the thesis. (b) Make all of the major supporting points related to the topic sentences in each
6、 supporting paragraph. (c) Make all of the minor supporting points related to the major supporting points in each supporting paragraph. 2) Patterns of Organization: (1) Time order (chronological order) (按时间顺序排列) (2) Climactic order (order of importance) (按重要性顺序排列) (3) Space order(按空间顺序排列) 6. Writing
7、 an concluding paragraph Four effective ways will be introduced (1) End with a summary and a final thought. Restate your major points raised in your thesis, but do not repeat them. (2) End with a recommendation (3) End with a prediction (4) End with a thought-provoking question or questions. 7. Sent
8、ence Skills 1) Three types of fragments: 2)Run-on sentences (乱加从句的冗长句子) A run-on sentence is a string of words with two subordinate clauses that are run together without proper punctuation. 3)Dangling modifiers (垂悬结构) 40a. *Carrying a heavy pile of books, her foot caught on the step. 41a. *To get up
9、 early, the clock was set at six. 42a. *At the age of five, my dad taught me about cars. 43a. *To improve his result, the experiment was done again. 41b. To get up early, I set the clock at six. 42b. When I was five, my dad taught me about cars. 43b. He improved his result by doing the experiment ag
10、ain. But some set phrases and absolute constructions are not dangling modifiers. 44. To be frank, I do not think he is the right man for the job. 45. Generally speaking, at this age, girls are more mature than boys. 46. The majority approving of the project, he had to give in. 4) Parallelism (并行关系)
11、50a. *I took a bath, sleeping, and waking up refreshed. 51a. *The keys to improving grades are to take effective notes in class, to plan study time, and preparing carefully for exams. 52a. *In many ways, starting college at forty is harder than to start at eighteen. Correct sentences: 50b. I took a
12、bath, went to sleep, and woke up refreshed. 51b. The keys to improving grades are to take effective notes in class, to plan study time, and to prepare carefully for exams. 52b. In many ways, starting college at forty is harder than starting at eighteen. 5) Mixed construction 53a. *The most valued tr
13、ait in an employee is a person who is loyal. 54a. *Indigestion is when you cannot digest food. 55a. *By taking a No.70 bus is one way to get to our university. 56a. *The reason I enjoy horseback riding is because it provides outdoor exercise. 57a. *There are many people move to USA. Correct sentence
14、s: 53b. The most valued trait in an employee is loyalty. 54b. Indigestion is the inability to digest food. 55b. You can get to our university by taking a No.70 bus. 56b. I enjoy horseback riding because it provides outdoor exercise. 57b. There are many people who move to USA. 改错练习： Revenge is one of
15、 those things that everyone enjoy. People dont like to talk about it, though. Just the same, there is nothing more tempting, more satisfying, or with the reward of a bit of revenge. The purpose is not to harm your victims. But to let them know that you are upset about something they are doing. Caref
16、ul plotting can provide you with relief from bothersom coworkers, gossiping friends, or nagging family members. Coworkers who make comments about the fact that you are always fifteen minutes late for work can be taken care of very simply. The first thing that you should do is to get up extra early o
17、ne day. Before the sun comes up, drive to each coworkers house, reach under the hood of his car, and disconnected the center wire that leads to the distrib. cap. The car will be unharmed, but it will not start, and your friends at work will all be late for work on the same day. If your lucky, your b
18、oss might notice that you are the only one there and will give you a raise. Later if you feel guilty about your actions you can call each person anonymously and tell them how to get the car running Correct essay: Revenge is one of those things that everyone enjoys(主谓一致). People dont like to talk abo
19、ut it, though. Just the same, there is nothing more tempting, more satisfying, or more rewarding than a bit of revenge. The purpose is not to harm your victims but (fragment) to let them know that you are upset about something they are doing to you. Careful plotting can provide you with relief from
20、bothersome(拼写错误) coworkers, gossiping friends, or nagging family members. Coworkers who make comments about the fact that you are always fifteen minutes late for work can be taken care of very simply. The first thing that you should do is to get up extra early one day. Before the sun comes up, drive
21、 to each coworkers house, reach under the hood of his car, and disconnect the center wire that leads to the distributor(全拼) cap. The car will be unharmed, but it will not start, and your friends at work will all be late for work on the same day. If youre lucky, your boss might notice that you are th
22、e only one there and will give you a raise. Later,if you feel guilty about your actions you can call each person anonymously and tell them how to get their cars(代词一致) running again 8. Patterns of development 1) Comparison and contrast (1) One side at a time (subject by subject) These: Going to Chale
23、t is more difficult than going to McDonalds 1. Chalet a. Dress code b. Advance reservations c. Leave an hour early d. Find parking space 2. McDonalds a. Casual dress b. No reservations c. Leave only fifteen minutes ahead of time d. Plenty of free parking (2) Point by point These: Studying is somethi
24、ng I do differently in college than in high school. 1. Keeping up with reading assignment a. High school b. College 2. Concentrating while reading a. High school b. College 2) Cause and effect We may support our thesis statements by explaining a series of causes or a series of effects. (1) Causes: T
25、hese tell readers why something happened. We try to examine the cause of something. Many actions do not occur without causes. For example, Smoking causes lung cancer. (Smoking is one of the causes of lung cancer.) (2) Effects: These tell readers the results of something. We try to examine the effect
26、s of something. An action can have a series of effects good or bad. For example, Twelve thousand smokers die from lung cancer every year. (Lung cancer is one of the results of smoking.) By examining the causes or effects of an action, we seek to understand or explain things that happen in our lives.
27、 3) Illustration (Examples) In an illustrative essay, you support your point by illustrating it with examples. Illustration paragraph include: 例1： Topic sentence: Knowledge often results only after persistence investigation. Supporting examples: Albert Einstein A detective Annie Jump Cannon(安妮坎农，美国女
28、天文学家) Investigation into the causes of polio(脊髓灰质炎) Concluding sentence: As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find, retain and contribute to the store of human knowledge. 例2： Topic sentence: The first day of school was frustrating. Supporting examples: My sociology course was c
29、anceled. Then I couldnt find the biology lab. And the lines at the bookstore were so long that I went home without buying my textbooks. Characteristics of illustration l An example is relevant l An example is representative, when it shows a typical real-life situation, not a rare or unusual one. l E
30、xamples are taken from your own life or the lives of people you know. They are unique examples shared by no other people. l Choose examples that are striking and dramatic and that will make a strong lasting impression on your readers Be sure that the examples you use to explain your thesis should be
31、 carefully chosen. You should select examples that are relevant, representative, specific, striking and dramatic Transitional words that are often used in illustration: For instance, For example, Another instance of, Another example of, Another illustration of, To illustrate, A case in point is, Her
32、e are a few examples, Some instances, Yet another Terms Brief illustration Definitions An unelaborated example, often only a sentence or two long Extended illustration Hypothetical illustration An example that might happen but that has not actually occurred A detailed example 4) Argumentation: In an
33、 argumentation essay, you defend your position (point of view) with a series of solid reasons. You try to argue with someone, that is, to persuade others to accept or agree with your point of view. (1) Strategies for argumentation (a) Acknowledge differing viewpoints You can cite the opposing viewpo
34、int in your thesis statement or in your supporting paragraphs. (b) Grant the merits of differing viewpoints. (c) Use tactful, courteous language. (d) Rebut differing viewpoints (2) How to write argumentative essays Stage 1: decide on a controversial topic (debatable and interesting) and write an arg
35、umentative thesis statement. The thesis statement should define the scope of the argument and make an assertion that is open to debate. Ineffective Examples of Argumentative Thesis Statements Example 1: Thesis: Something should be done on media bias. This is not an effective argumentative thesis sta
36、tement because it does not clearly state the writers idea. The answers of questions like what is that something that should be done? or who should do it? are not clear. Example 2: Thesis: CNN is the best TV channel. This is not an effective thesis statement. This sentence is not debatable as it invo
37、lves personal choice or preference Example 3: Thesis: There are 3 ways of media censorship. This is not an argumentative thesis statement as the writer aims at listing the types of media censorship. Therefore, the writers purpose of writing this essay is not to persuade the reader but to give inform
38、ation. Also, the ways of media censorship are not open to debate. Thus, they are not suitable for argumentation. Effective Examples of Argumentative Thesis Statements Example 1: Thesis: Newspapers should not identify people by color, race, or religious faith in any way. This is an effective argument
39、ative thesis statement. Firstly, the topic is open to discussion. There may be people who would oppose this argument claiming that this kind of restriction would damage the objectivity of the news. Therefore, the writer holds a clear stance. Above all, it is obvious that the writers aim is not simpl
40、y to inform the readers but to convince them to take his / her side in the debate. The expository (p58) thesis statement vs. the argumentative thesis statement: Similarity: Both expository(说明的，解释的) and argumentative thesis statements express a certain opinion about a topic. Difference: An expository
41、 thesis statement does not include a sharp opinion; rather, it discusses advantages, disadvantages, types, reasons, results, problems, solutions, processes, or categories of an issue often in the form of listing, enumeration, classification, or sequencing. An argumentative thesis statement has a cle
42、ar stance on a debatable topic, fiercely argues that the writers opinion is correct and reflects this subjectivity both in its style and tone. Choosing an argumentative topic is not an easy task. The topic should be such that it should be narrowed down Marijuana ( mrwn 大麻) should be considered illeg
43、al. (Not a good topic because it is too general. In some medical cases, marijuana is prescribed by the doctors and the patients are encouraged to use it in case of suffering from too much pain) Selling and using marijuana in public places should be considered illegal. it should contain an argument W
44、e should decide whether we want a bicycle or a car. (our stand is not clear: do we support having bicycles or cars?) If we are under the age of 30 and want a healthy life, we should definitely get a bicycle instead of a car. Are you one of those who thinks cheating is not good for students? (a quest
45、ion cannot be an argument) Cheating helps students learn. Considering its geological position, Turkey has an important geopolitical role in the EU. (facts cannot be arguments) Considering its geopolitical role, we can clearly say that the EU cannot be without Turkey. it should be a topic that can be
46、 adequately supported (with statistics, outside source citations, etc.) I feel that writing an argumentative essay is definitely a challenging task. (feelings cannot be supported; we cannot persuade other people) Which of the following are argumentative thesis statements? Thesis 1: There are three m
47、ain reasons why the media manipulate the news. Thesis 2: The media should not manipulate the news in any way. Thesis 3: It is essential to be media literate for three reasons. Thesis 4: It is essential that media literacy be taught in schools. Thesis 1 is not argumentative. Although the writer has t
48、he assumption that the media manipulate the news, the aim of this essay is not to convince the reader on this issue, but to simply list the three reasons for media manipulation. The reader, too, expects to learn the three reasons. Thesis 2 is acceptable as an argumentative thesis statement because the writer clearly takes a stand in the debate about whether the media should manipulate the news or not. Here, the writer intends to influence the mind of readers rat
