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1、大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印Chapter 1 Culture Definitions: 1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generation
2、s through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。 (P12/P29) 2 Cultural Identity refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。 (P19/29) 3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are
3、 often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29) 4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in
4、the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。 (P25/30) w Case 2 (P8) The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneat
5、h. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why. Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication Definitions: w Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a messag
6、e.(P37/P60) w Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. w Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. w Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. w Receive
7、r: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. 信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人. w Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received. w Feedback: The response of a receiver to a senders message is cal
8、led feedback. w Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.1 (P54/61) w Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physi
9、cal context, social context and interpersonal context. w Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。) (P54/61) w Internat
10、ional communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和*之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。) (P55) w Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.
11、 (跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。) w Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.(P56) w Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture. w Case 12 (P57
12、) This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication Chapter 3 Cultures Influence on Perception Definitions w Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment. w Org
13、anization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. w Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding. 2 w Case 16 (P81) This case can reflect different culture can give different infl
14、uences on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers Definitions: w Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeli
15、ng and not be totally present in the communication transaction.(P104/125) w Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or others feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety. (不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的
16、欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。) w Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. 假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实
17、上却并非如此。 (P106/126) w Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture. (P109/126) w Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. (P110/126) w Prejud
18、ice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. (P113/126) w Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. (P114/126) w Case 21
19、(P107) This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. w Case 23 (P123) This case can refl
20、ect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different language Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Definitions u Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultur
21、al 3 backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.来自不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际 (P132/131) u Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people. 方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。(P148/161) u Sociolect refers to variation in t
22、erms of social class or style. (P149/162) w Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。 (P150/162) w Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive
23、 and impolite. 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。 (P1152/162) w Case 25 (P131) w One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant， which reflects different verbal communication stylesdirect and indirect styles, self-enhan
24、cement and self-effacement styles Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Definitions w Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words. (P175/196) Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.(P180/197) Oculesics: It is the study of communicati
25、ons sent by the eyes.(P184/197) Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell. (P180/197) Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. (P186/197) Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting a
26、nd their relation to communication.，指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。） (P186/197) Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples perceptions, behaviors and impressions of others. (P190/197) 4 w w w w w w w w Attire： Clothing and physical appearance are usually called att
27、ire.(着装：服饰和外表通常被称作着装学） (P191/197) w Case 33 This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures, which implies the Kinesics. w Case 36 (P182) This case can reflect differ
28、ent cultures have different opinions to spatial relations. Different cultures have very different opinions about an individuals unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body, which implies Proxemics Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Definitions w Context：It is the info
29、rmation that surrounds an event, and is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.(P215/239) w High context communication: is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. (P215/239) w Low conte
30、xt communication: is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. w Uncertainty avoidance： deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty. (P230/239) w Power distance： is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organ
31、izations accept that power is distributed unequally. (P232/239) w Case 41 (P213) Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didnt apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him. Cultural patterns components-norms w Case 43 (P226) Following their
32、individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups, which is typical in the United States. In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and produ
33、ctive team. This case reflects the conflict between individualism and collectivism. w Case 44 (P236) Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case. In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the United States, possesses a rela
34、tively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index. 5 Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts Definitions w Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by
35、 the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. (P245/271) w Ramadan: Ramadan is an Islamic religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar; the month in which the Quran, according to tradition, was rev
36、ealed to the Prophet Muhammad. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims do not eat or drink anything from true dawn until sunset. (P254) w Obon: Obon is one of the most important traditions for Japanese people. It is a Buddhist event and is the period of praying for the rep
37、ose of the souls of ones ancestors. People believe that their ancestors spirits come back to their homes to be reunited with their family during obon. Obon was originally celebrated around the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. (P254) w Sabbath: Sabbath is the day of the week when
38、members of some religious groups do not work. The Jewish Sabbath is on Saturday and the Christian Sabbath is on Sunday. w Namaste合十礼）: Namaste is a common spoken greeting or salutation in the Indian subcontinent. It is derived from Hinduism. w Case 48 (P257) Chinese people love giving gifts. Usually
39、, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the senders eyes. Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough. An inexpensive gift means a loss of face. North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of apprec
40、iation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide. Such gifts are treasured; however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens. w Case 50 (P269) In the case just described, the U.S. American medical team system for making sense of
41、the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness. However, the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first. So the case reflect the different roles of family and gender in the health care co
42、ntext in different cultures. 6 Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation Definitions w Acculturation：It refers to an individuals learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture. (P278/305) w Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominan
43、t culture, losing their culture in the process. (同化：同化指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。) (P278/306) w Integration: It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture. This kind of acculturation is called inte
44、gration. (文化融合：文化融合指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。(P279/306) w Separation：When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture, the mode of acculturation i
45、s called separation. 。(P280/306) w Segregation：It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact, the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society.(P281/306) w Marginalization：It occurs when the individual chooses not to ide
46、ntify with his or her native culture or with the host culture. (边缘化：边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。) (P281/306) w Culture shock: It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. (P286/306) w Intercultural adaptation: It refers broadly to the
47、 process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment. (跨文化适应：跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环境的需要。) (P293/306) w Case 54 (P291) This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms. w Case 55 (P299) This case can reflect reverse culture shock. When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again, which is known as W-curve pattern. 7
