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1、2009南开大学英语考博试题（回忆版）-yam1听力：20分，很往年一样，单选10个，短文3篇（1.保险的种类；2.非洲的AIDS问题；3.测谎仪）共10题10分，感觉听不太清楚。感觉不是六级的。那个外国男的accent is somewhat special.2单词题：10个，10分，今年的很简单，六级就够了3作文(20分) : on enforcement of the morality in China 提纲：1，问题 2， 分析原因 3，对策 200words4阅读理解 共4篇40分： 比去年少一篇但是明显偏难了第一题，有关公司内部职员股票； 经济第二题，有关霍金的Big Bang，黑
2、洞理论；物理第三题，有关对黑人的歧视；政治第四题，生物入侵；生物。此四篇据说涵盖了南开四大优势学科。5改错题10空10分，原文：Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; t
3、heir general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the gr
4、eat majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredic
5、table and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, th
6、ey have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashio
7、n. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Y#SQ)Qr3Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to r
8、eplace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.Y#SQ)Qr3No one can claim
9、 that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of disc
10、omfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.Y#SQ)Qr3When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, t
11、he conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of st
12、ability and reliability? That is for you to decide.Y#SQ)Qr3阅读相对论原文：Stephen William Hawking BiographyThe theories of British physicist and mathematician Stephen William Hawking (born 1942) placed him in the great tradition of Newton and Einstein. Hawking made fundamental contributions to the science
13、of cosmology-the study of the origins, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe.Stephen W. Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. His father, a well-known researcher in tropical medicine, urged his son to seek a career in the sciences. Stephen found biology and medic
14、ine too descriptive and lacking in exactness. Therefore, he turned to the study of mathematics and physics.Hawking was not an outstanding student at St. Albans School, Hertfordshire, nor later at Oxford University, which he entered in 1959. He was a sociable young man who did little schoolwork becau
15、se he was able to grasp the essentials of a mathematics or physics problem quickly and intuitively. While at Oxford he became increasingly interested in relativity theory and quantum mechanics, eventually graduating with a first class honors in physics (1962). He immediately began post-graduate stud
16、ies at Cambridge University.The onset of Hawkings graduate education at Cambridge marked a turning point in his life. It was then that he embarked upon the formal study of cosmology that focused his intellectual energies in a way that they had never been previously. And it was then that he was first
17、 stricken with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrigs disease), a debilitating neuromotor disease that eventually led to his total confinement to a wheelchair and to a virtual loss of his speech functions. At Cambridge his talents were recognized by his major professor, the cosmologist Dennis W.
18、 Sciama, and he was encouraged to carry on his studies despite his growing physical disabilities. His marriage in 1965 to Jane Wilde was an important step in his emotional life. Marriage gave him, he recalled, the determination to live and make professional progress in the world of science. Hawking
19、received his doctorate degree in 1966 and began his life-long research and teaching association with Cambridge University.Hawking made his first major contribution to science with his theorem of singularity, a work which grew out of his collaboration with theoretician Roger Penrose. A singularity is
20、 a place in either space or time at which some quantity becomes infinite. Such a place is found in a black hole, the final stage of a collapsed star, where the gravitational field has infinite strength. Penrose proved that a singularity was not a hypothetical construct; it could exist in the space-t
21、ime of a real universe.Drawing upon Penroses work and on Einsteins General Theory of Relativity, Hawking demonstrated that our universe had its origins in a singularity. In the beginning all of the matter in the universe was concentrated in a single point, making a very small but tremendously dense
22、body. Ten to twenty billion years ago that body exploded in a big bang which initiated time and the universe. Hawking was able to bring current astrophysical research to support the big bang theory of the origin of the universe and refute the rival steady-state theory.Hawkings research into the cosm
23、ological implications of singularities led him to study the properties of the best-known singularity: the black hole. Although a black hole is a discontinuity in space-time, its boundary, called the event horizon, can be detected. Hawking proved that the surface area of the event horizon of a black
24、hole could only increase, not decrease, and that when two black holes merged the surface area of the new hole was larger than the sum of the two original surface areas. Working in concert with B. Carter, W. Israel, and D. Robinson, Hawking was also able to prove the No Hair Theorem first proposed by
25、 physicist John Wheeler. According to this theorem, mass, angular momentum, and electric charge were the sole properties conserved when matter entered a black hole.Hawkings continuing examination of the nature of black holes led to two important discoveries. The first of them, that black holes can e
26、mit thermal radiation, was contrary to the claim that nothing could escape from a black hole. The second concerned the size of black holes. As originally conceived, black holes were immense in size because they were the end result of the collapse of gigantic stars. Using quantum mechanics to study p
27、article interaction at the subatomic level, Hawking postulated the existence of millions of mini-black holes. These were formed by the force of the original big bang explosion.Hawking summarized his scientific interests as gravity-on all scales, from the realm of galaxies at one extreme to the subat
28、omic at the other extreme. In the 1980s Hawking worked on a theory that Einstein unsuccessfully searched for in his later years. This is the famous unified field theory that aims to bring together quantum mechanics and relativity in a quantum theory of gravity. A complete unified theory encompasses
29、the four main interactions known to modern physics: the strong nuclear force, which operates at the subatomic level; electromagnetism; the weak nuclear force of radioactivity; and gravity. The unified theory would account for the conditions which prevailed at the origin of the universe as well as fo
30、r the existing physical laws of nature. When humans develop the unified field theory, said Hawking, they will know the mind of God.As his physical condition grew worse Hawkings intellectual achievements increased. Not content with causing a revolution in cosmology, he presented a popular exposition
31、of his ideas in A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. First published in 1988, this book acquired great popularity in the United States. It sold over a million copies and was listed as the best-selling nonfiction book for over a year.In 1993 Hawking wrote Black Holes and Baby Un
32、iverses and Other Essays, which, in addition to a discussion of whether elementary particles that fall into black holes can form new, baby universes separate from our own, contains chapters about Hawkings personal life. He co-authored a book in 1996 with Sir Roger Penrose titled The Nature of Space
33、and Time, which is based on a series of lectures and a final debate by the two authors. Issues discussed in this book include whether the universe has boundaries and if it will continue to expand forever. Hawking says yes to the first question and no to the second, while Penrose argues the opposite.
34、 Hawking joined Penrose again the following year, as well as Abner Shimony and Nancy Cartwright, in the creation of another book, The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind (1997). In this collection of talks given as Cambridges 1995 Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Hawking and the others respond to P
35、enroses thesis on general relativity, quantum physics, and artificial intelligence.Hawkings work in modern cosmology and in theoretical astronomy and physics was widely recognized. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1974 and five years later was named to a professorial chair once h
36、eld by Sir Isaac Newton: Lucasian professor of mathematics, Cambridge University. Beyond these honors he earned a host of honorary degrees, awards, prizes, and lectureships from the major universities and scientific societies of Europe and America. These included the Eddington Medal of the Royal Ast
37、ronomical Society, in 1975; the Pius XI Gold Medal, in 1975; the Maxwell Medal of the Institute of Physics, in 1976; the Albert Einstein Award of the Lewis and Rose Strauss Memorial Fund (the most prestigious award in theoretical physics), in 1978; the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute, in 19
38、81; the Gold Medal of the Royal Society, in 1985; the Paul Dirac Medal and Prize, in 1987; and the Britannica Award, in 1989. By the last decade of the 20th century Stephen Hawking had become one of the best-known scientists in the world.Hawkings endeavors include endorsing a wireless connection to
39、the internet produced by U.S. Robotics Inc., beginning in March 1997, and speaking to wheelchair-bound youth. In addition, Hawking made an appearance on the television series Star Trek that his fans will not soon forget.Hawking does not readily discuss his personal life, but it is generally know tha
40、t he was divorced from his first wife in 1991 and they have two sons and a daughter.When asked about his objectives, Hawking told Robert Deltete of Zygon in a 1995 interview, My goal is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all.阅读生物入侵原文：WHAT makes for a su
41、ccessful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plantsat least, that is the conclusion of a paper published in Biology Letters1 by Naomi Cappuccino, of Carleton University, and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in
42、Canada.怎样才能成功入侵？答案常常是：拥有比敌人更好的武器。人是这样，植物也是如此至少，生物书简上发表的一篇论文是这么认为的，作者是来自加拿大加里敦大学的纳奥米•卡普奇诺和渥太华大学的索尔•阿纳森。The phenomenon of alien species popping up2 in unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few decades as people and goods become more mobile and （1）►plant seeds and anim
43、al larvae have hitched3 along for the ride◄. Most such aliens blend into the ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (Indeed, many probably fail to establish themselves at allbut those failures, of course, are never noticed.) Occasionally, though, something goes bananas4 and star
44、ts trying to take the place over, and an invasive species is born. Dr Cappuccino and Dr Arnason asked themselves why.过去的几十年，随着人和货物的流动日益频繁，植物种子和动物幼体也乘机“搭便车”四处播散，世界各地无意间出现了越来越多的外来物种。这些外来物种大多数都轻而易举地融入了所到之处的生态系统。（事实上，许多物种可能还没有站稳脚跟当然，人们从未注意到这一点。）不过，偶尔也有某些物种疯狂繁殖，开始企图占领原有物种的生长空间，一种入侵物种就这样形成了。卡普奇诺和阿纳森对此感到百思
45、不得其解。One hypothesis is that aliens leave their predators behind. Since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them, they are able to reproduce unchecked. That is a nice idea, but it does not explain why only certain aliens become invasive. Dr Cappuccino and Dr Arnason suspec
46、ted this might be because native predators are （2）►sometimes “pre-adapted” to the aliens defences◄, but in other cases they are not.有一种假说认为，外来物种摆脱了原先的掠食者，而在新的“家园”，现有的掠食者又没有发现它们也合口味，因此这些物种得以肆无忌惮地繁衍。这种观点好是好，不过没有解释为什么只有特定的外来物种才具有入侵性。卡普奇诺和阿纳森猜测，这可能是因为土生土长的掠食者对外来物种所具有的防御机制有时产生“预适应”，有时又不产生。To
47、test this, they had first to establish a reliable list of invaders. That is not as easy as it sounds. As they observe, “although there are many lists of invasive species published by governmental agencies, inclusion of a given species in the lists （3）►may not be entirely free of political moti
48、vation◄”. Instead, they polled established researchers in the field of alien species, asking each to list ten invasive species and, for comparison, ten aliens that just rubbed along quietly with5 their neighbours. The result was a list of 21 species widely agreed to be invasive and, for comparison, 18 non-invasive aliens.为了证实这一猜测，他们必须首先列出一些已经确认的入侵物种。这可不是件轻松的事。正如他们所说，“虽然政府部门公布了许多入侵物种名单，但是把指定物种归入此名单也许多少有些出于政治上的考虑。”为此，他们调查了外来物种领域一些有名望的研究人员，请每人举出10种入侵物种，以及10种与本地物种能和睦共生的外来物种用于对照。最后得到的名单中包括21种被广泛认可的入侵物种和18种用于对照的非入侵性外来物种。Having established these lists, they went to the library to
