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1、定语从句THAT和WHO当关系代词指人时，关系代词既可用who，也可以用that。但在以下情况用who。 1.当先行词是persons, people, those时。例如： Those who are for my plan , please put up your hands.同意我的计划的人请举手。 Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.好争者被轻视。 2.当先行词是he, one, all, any, they等时，例如： He who has not reached the Great Wall isnt a true man. 不到长城非
2、好汉。 All who had seen this film were moved.看过这部电影的人都受感动。 3.在非限定性定语从句中用who。例如： I want him, who knows some English and French. 我要他，他懂得些英语和法语。 I will pardon you, who are honest. 我愿意宽恕你，你是诚实的。 4.在强调句型中多用who，在口语中who可以省略。例如： I think it is you who should come here tomorrow.我认为你明天应该来这儿。 It is he who can do t
3、his work. 只有他能够干此工作。 在以下情况多用that。例如： 5.当关系代词在从句中作表语时用that。例如： She is not the woman that she used to be.她已经不是过去的她了。 China is not the country that it used to be.中国已经不是过去.中国了。 6.避免重复。例如： Who was it the man that you danced with last night? 昨天晚上和你一起跳舞的那个人是谁？ Who is it the girl that often comes to school
4、early? 常常早到校的那个女孩是谁？ 7.当先行词前面有指示代词same时，要用that。例如： That is the same woman that spoke at the meeting yesterday.这个与昨天在会议上讲话的是同一个人。 He is the same person that killed that woman.他就是杀害那位妇女的人。 8.当先行词既有人，又有物时。例如： He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.他望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。 Lets talk about the
5、 persons and the things that we can remember.让我们谈论能够想起的人和事。 9.当先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词或only等词修饰时。例如： I knew her father for the simplest, hardest working man that ever drew the breath of life. 我早知她的父亲是一个世上最简朴最努力工作的人。 that和which做比较，主要在于它们在定语从句中的用法 that 和which在定语从句中都是做关系代词，指代先行词是事物的名词或代词。通常情况下二者可以互换。 区别： 关系代词
6、用that的情况： 1. 先行词是all, anything, everything, nothing等,关系代词应用that Thats all that he told me. 2.先行词前有the only, the same, the very 或no, little, much, any, every, all 等修饰时,关系代词应用that She is the only person that I know in this company. 3. 先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词常用that The first thing that I want to do is
7、to take it away. 4. 当先行词同时含有人或物时,关系代词应用that 5. 在固定结构the same.that.; so.that.; such.that.以及it is/was.that.的强调句型中,要用that This is the same park that we once visited. 6. 如主句以there be开头时,关系代词应用that There is a room that has two windows. 关系代词用which的情况： 1. 非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用which She won the competition, whi
8、ch made the whole family very happy. 2. 关系代词前如有介词,关系代词须用 which; 如把介词移至句末,可用that(或省略) Theres only one problem about which they disagree. This is the key (that) she was looking for. 3. 如果先行词是that,关系代词应用 which I know that which you told me. 4. 如先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔,常用which Larry told her the story of t
9、he young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. (先行词为story) 5. 在those+复数形式的名词结构中,其后的关系代词多用which A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 6. 一个句子中如有两个定语从句,第一个定语从句用了关系代词that,第二个从句中的关系代词宜用which;但在平行结构中,应重复同一个关系代词 This is the book that you bought which you have lost. I
10、have a house which is located on the hillside, which faces the south. 此外，that还可引导同位语从句,which不能 I have heard the news that they had won the game. except,besides,except for用法的关联和区别 1.作介词用法时,这三个词都有除之外的含义,但except常与dodoesdidhavehashadnothing等词形成搭配用法,或者与全部肯定词all、everything、ev?eryone等连用,或者与全部否定词nothing、nob
11、ody等连用,因此except加宾语作介词除之外时常表示从整体中剔除一部分；而besides作除之外时则表示另外附加的含义,相当于in addition to。试比较下列例句: 1)He did not hing except watch TV yesterday. 2)He said nothing except to smile just now. 3)All the students took at rip except Tom yesterday. 4)We need 3 more persons to finish the job besidesinaddition to us tw
12、o. 2.作介词用法时的except后可接多种情况的介词短语。在这种情况下,except后的介词是不可省去的,except加介词的实际作用就相当于连词加相关的从句。例如: 1)The weather is fine today except in the northwest.此句相当于: The weather is fine today except that it is in the northwest. 2)His mother never takes any exercise except on the dance floor.此句相当于: His mother never takes
13、 any exercise except that she has adance on the floor. 需要强调的是except与exceptfor的用法区别: 1)Except后排除的内容与主语往往是同一类的,而exceptfor后所排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的。例如,试比较: All the buildings are excellent except this one. All the buildings are excellent except for their location或者All the buildings are excellent except that th
14、e place on which the buid?ings are built is notgood. 2)当except用在句首时往往改用exceptfor。例如: There was no single person in the dark street that night except apoliceman on his duty.此句相当于: Except for apoliceman on his duty,there was no single person in the dark street that night. 3.相当于连词用法的except与相当于连词用法的besides的区别仍然保持它们作介词用法的含义。试比较下列例句: 1)Tom is a good student ex?cept that he is careless.此句相当于:Tom is a goods tudent except for his carelessness. 2)Tom seldom comes late to school except when it rains hard.此句相当于:Tom seldom comes late to school except on a heavily rainy day.
