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1、新目英语年级下册语法知识点归纳与复习新目标英语八年级下册语法知识点归纳与复习 Unit 1 能够表示动作将要发生的时态 一般现在时。 1）它表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的情况。常常要加一个表示未来时间的状语。 When does the winter holiday begin？ What time does the train leave for Shanghai？ Is there a film tonight？ Tomorrow is Saturday School begins the day after tomorrow 但这种用法只限于少数动词，如：begin， come，go
2、，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，end，stop，open，close， take，be等。 2) 在时间或条件状语从句中，一般现在时也可用来表示将来的动作。 You will pass the exams if you work hard 现在进行时 注意：时间必须指出或在前文中已经指出，不然就可能造成现在时与将来时之间的混淆。 1）现在进行时可以表示对最近的将来的确定的安排： Im taking an exam in October Bob and Bill are meeting tonight 这句意指鲍勃和比尔已作了会面的安排。如仅仅表示意图，则要用b
3、e going to形式。 2）但是，表示从一个地方运动到另一个地方的动词如arrive，come，drive，fly，go，leave，start，travel，表示位置的动词如 stay和动词do与have，它们的现在进行时形式的用法就比较广泛，可以表示没有具体安排好细节的决定或计划。 be going to do结构 1) be going to表示主语进行某一将来行动的打算。这种打算常经过预先考虑并含有已做好某些准备的意思，因此通常认为用be going to表达的行动很可能会见诸实施，虽然不具有现在进行时所表示的对将来的确定的安排的概念。 请注意以下几点： 如前所述，be going
4、 to结构带时间状语可以用来表示最近将来的行动。在这种情况下，它可用来代替现在进行时。可以说： Im meeting Tom at the station at six我6点钟到车站接汤姆。 Im going to meet Tom at the station at six我打算6点钟到车站接汤姆。 注意：Im meeting Tom含有和汤姆约好的意思，而Im going to meet Tom则没有，我去后汤姆可能会感到意外。 想强调主语的意图时，be going to结构可以与时间从句连用。 He is going to be a dentist when he grows up Wh
5、at are you going to do when you have time ？ 然而，通常是一般将来时和时间从句连用。 be going to 结构可以不和时间连用： Im going to buy a gift for my mother He is going to lend me his bicycle 这里通常指的是即将进行或在最近将来进行的动作。 如上面中所看到的，be going to结构可以与动词 be连用。有时也跟通常不能用进行时的动词连用： I am going to think about it Im sure Im going to like it 但总的看来，这
6、里用一般将来时要更有把握些。 注意：一般不常把动词go和come用于be going to结构中，而常用现在进行时来代替be going to结构，即通常不用Im going to go而用I am going，不用I am going to come而用I am coming。 be going to 结构可以表示通过某种迹象可以推测出即将发生的动作。 Look at those clouds！Its going to rain Listen to the windWere going to have a cold day be going to结构在动词be sureafraid，beli
7、eve，think之后都可以这样用： How pale(苍白) that girl is！I am sureI believeI think she is going to faint(昏倒) 一般将来时的用法 1) 表示说话人对于将来的看法、假定和推测的句子中常由动词be afraid，befeel sure， believe, expect，hope，know，suppose，think，wonder等来引导或与副词perhaps，possibly，probably等连用，但也可以不用这些副词： hell come back theyll sell the house well find
8、him at the hotel Theyllwait for us 2) 一般将来时可以与时间连用，也可以不连用。这里有时也可以用 be going to，但后一种用法使动作的可能性显得更大些，而且如果没有时间时动作可能会发生得更快些。 Hell build a house仅意指这是我的看法而不含有什么时候开始盖房子的概念。 但 Hes going to build a house则意指他已经做出决定，很可能不久将着手盖。 2) 一般将来时用来表示通常认为将要有的习惯性动作： Spring will come again Birds will build nests People will
9、make plans Other men will climb these stairs and sit at my desk 3) 一般将来时常用在带条件从句、时间从句的句子中，有时用在带目的从句的句子中： If I drop this glass it will break 如果我把这个杯子掉到地上，它就会摔碎。 When it gets warmer the snow will start to melt 天气变暖时，雪开始融化。 注意：在if从句或时间从句中，即使句子是指将来，也不用将来时： 不能说：Ill telephone you if I will come. 而要说：Ill t
10、elephone you if I come. 不能说：I am going to buy a computer when I will arrive in Beijing. 而要说：I am going to buy a computer when I arrive in Beijing. 比较be going to与will be going to与will两者都可表示将要发生的事、将要去做某事，但用法还是不同的。 be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will 表示的将来时间则较远一些，如： He is going to write a letter tonight. H
11、e will write a book one day. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。 He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old. be going to 含有计划，准备的意思，而 will 则没有这个意思，如： She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour. 在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如： He
12、 will help you if you are in trouble. 注意：对于上述时态的用法，我们只要知道能够表示动作即将发生的时态有一般现在时、现在进行时、be going to do结构、一般将来时即可，而它们的具体用法了解即可而不需掌握。但对于那些基础好的同学，可以多读读。 II 句型 一般将来时的句子结构 肯定句：People will have robots in the future. There will be more trees and less pollution. 否定句：People wont use money. There wont be any schoo
13、ls in the future. 一般疑问句： - Will people use money in 100 years ? - Yes, they will. No, they wont. - Will there be any robots in our homes? - Yes, there will. No, there wont. 特殊疑问句：What will Sally be in five years ? 原因状语从句 (because.) Ill live in Shanghai, because I went to Shanghai last year and fell
14、in love with it. 定语从句 There are many famous predictions that never came true. 宾语从句 I think there will be more pollution. He thought that computers would never be used by most people. The head predicted that no one would want to see actors talk. Some scientists believe that there will be such robots
15、in the future. They agree it may take hundreds of years. Other scientists disagree that robots wont be able to do the same things as us. We never know what will happen in the future. Unit 2 Section A 1 What should I do ? should为情态动词，表示命令、警告、允诺、征求意见、劝告、惊讶等语气。 命令语气：You should go home at once. 警告语气：You
16、 should be careful when you cross the street. 允诺语气：This should be no problem. 征询语气：Should I go shopping with her now ? 劝告语气：You shouldnt argue with your best friend. 惊讶语气：Why should we go to help such a person ? 2 want sb to do sth, want sb not to do sth My mother wants me to help her with the house
17、work. I want him not to open the windows because its windy. 3 loud adj. 声音大的，吵的 The TV is too loud. Could you turn it down? Dont be loud. Father is sleeping. adv. 大声地(=loudly) 放在speak, talk, shout, laugh等动词的后面。 I often hear her laugh loud. Could you please speak louder? I cant hear you. play . loud
18、大声地播放. Could you play the TV louder? You shouldnt play your radio too loud. 4 enough adj. 足够的，充足的 The food is enough for 30 people. He doesnt have enough time to finish so much homework. adv. 够. 修饰形容词或副词并放其后。 The pants are long enough for you to put on. He runs fast enough. I think nobody else can c
19、atch up with him. 5 argue with = have an argument with, 近义短语fight with He seemed unhappy. Has he argued with anyone else? 6 out of style 反义短语为in style, in fashion This kind of hairstyle is out of style. Why do you those that are out are style ? 7 Whats wrong? = Whats the matter? = Whats the trouble
20、? = Whats the problem ? Whats wrong with sb / sth ? 如，- Whats wrong with your watch? - It doesnt work. - Whats wrong with Jim? - He failed his math exam. 8 write sb a letter = write a letter to sb = write to sb 9 call sb up = ring sb up = telephone sb = make a phone call to sb 10 道歉的表达 say sorry You
21、 must say sorry when you do something wrong. say sorry to sb He hardly ever says sorry to anyone else. say sb be sorry He should say he is sorry. 11 a ticket to sth. Could you buy me a ticket to a ball game. It seems very difficult to get a ticket to the movie. 12 surprise n. 令人惊讶的事 It is a pleasant
22、 surprise to hear he went to college. What a surprise it is ! vt. 令人惊讶 The news surprised everyone. to ones surprise 令某人惊讶的是，常放在句首。 To our surprise, the 2-month-old baby can speak. 由动词surprise转化而来的形容词有surprised和surprising。 I was surprised to find myself in a hospital when I woke up. It is surprising
23、 that he wasnt able to pass the exam. 13 talk about sth with sb on the phone I often talk about my study with my parents on the phone. 14 need There is no need to make so much milk shake. 情态动词，必要，需要，不能用在肯定句中。 - Need I go home to help you with the housework now? - Yes, you must. This evening many fri
24、ends of mine are coming to see me. 行为动词，需要。 need to do sth. I need to practice my spoken English more. need doing The baby needs looking after well. 15 pay for 为.付钱 pay for sth / sb. Im sorry I forgot to pay for the meal. Father was too poor to pay for me. pay + money for sth. I paid ten yuan for th
25、e taxi. pay sb. + money for sth. The boss paid his workers thousands of dollars for their work. 16 花钱的表达法 spend money in doing sth / on sth The Greens spent thousands of yuan travelling in China last week. He spent much money on his new apartment. cost sb + money The bike cost me two hundered yuan.
26、17 have time = be free Could you come over to my house if you have time? 18 get a part-time job Its pretty easy to get a part-time job in such a big city as Shanghai. 19 borrow sth from sb 反义短语lend sth to sb Im afraid I cant lend my bike to you because Jim borrowed it from me this morning. 20 either
27、 adj. (两者中的）任一个 There are many bookstores on either side of the street. pron. (两者中的）任一个 - Would you like tea or coffee ? - Either is OK. conj. 或；也 Either Brazilian team or Italian team will win the soccer game. Im afraid he cant work out this problem, either. 21 ask sb for sth He often asks me for h
28、elp with computers. 22 have a bake sale People mustnt have a bake sale on either side of the street. 23 the radio advice program 24 I need some money to buy gifts for my family. need sth. to do sth. He needs some wood and brick to build his house. I need some time to study for my English test. buy s
29、th for sb = buy sb sth Could you buy a newspaper when you pass the post office ? Mother often buys me clothes as my birthday gift. 25 He could get a tutor to come to his home. get a tutor get sb to do sth (tell sb to do sth, ask sb to do sth, make sb do sth, let sb do sth) I often get my best friend
30、 to help with my English. Section B 1 original adj. 原先，最初的 The original owner of the house moved out last week. adj. 新颖的，有创意的 That sounds like an original idea. 2 comfortable adj. 舒适的 The bed was comfortable and I slept well. Are you comfortable in that chair? adj. 无痛苦或焦虑的；舒服的 The nurse made the sic
31、k man comfortable. I wont feel comfortable until I pass the exams. 3 same the same as His hairstyle looks the same as Jims. the same . as He is the same age as me. 4 in style = in fashion 反义短语为 out of style 5 inexpensive = cheap 反义词为 expensive = dear 6 My friend has nicer clothes than I do. than后所接的
32、句子叫比较状语从句，从句常是由“主语 + be动词 / 助动词 / 情态动词”构成的短句。英语助动词为be, have, do, shall, will, should, would；情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, need, should, will, would等。 He is much healthier now than he was last year. He is running faster than the others are. (此处is为助动词) He has made more money than I have. He work
33、s harder this term than he did last term. He will get much better grades than you will. I shall arrive earlier than the others will. He said that he would do more housework than his family would. He can speak English better than the others can. When Pele was young, he could play soccer better than t
34、he other children could. He should spend more time on his study than his brothers should. 在非正式的文体中，比较状语从句后如果没有时间状语，主语后的be动词、助动词、情态动词常被省略；如果是自身比较，即前后主语一致，又没有时间状语，则比较状语从句常被省略。 than you thought 结构，意为“比你想的”。 The weather is much more terrible than you thought. 7 Erin should tell her friend to get differe
35、nt clothes. 迄今为止，我们学过的表达“让某人做某事”含义的动词短语有：let sb do sth, make sb do sth, ask sb to do sth, tell sb to do sth. “让某人不要做某事”的结构，则可写成：let sb not do sth, make sb not do sth, ask sb not to do sth, tell sb not to do sth. 如，Mother told me not to watch TV while Im having dinner. 8 I have a problem. problem 名词
36、n. 问题；难题 Do you know how to deal with this problem? Can you lend me your bicycle? No problem. 名词 n. 疑难之事；难题 Driving is a problem in deep snow. 名词 n. 算题 The teacher has given us 10 problems to do as homework. Problem表达含义的时候，常与deal with或solve连用；而表达的含义时，常与work out连用。 9 I always thought I was popular at
37、 school. 我原来总是意为我在学校是受欢迎的。 thought在这里表达的是“以前这么认为，而现在不这么认为”的含义，即“原以为，本以为”的意思，后面所接的宾语从句应为过去时态。 He thought that Huludao was a very small city. I thought he was working hard, but I found out he was reading a novel. Mother thought that I would fail my English exam. The teacher thought his students had fi
38、nished their homework. However, to his surprise, most students had finished only a small number of their homework. 10 But I found out that everyone else in my class was invited except me. find，find out，look for find，find out和look for都含有“寻找、找到”的意思，但其含义和用法却不同。 find意为“找到、发现”，通常指找到或发现具体的东西，也可指偶然发现某物或某种情
39、况，强调的是找的结果。 Will you find me a pen? He didnt find his bike. look for意为“寻找”，是有目的地找，强调“寻找”这一动作。 I dont find my pen, Im looking for it everywhere. He is looking for his shoes. find out意为“找出、发现、查明”，多指通过调查、寻问、打听、研究之后“搞清楚、弄明白”，通常含有“经过困难曲折”的含义，指找出较难找到的、无形的、抽象的东西。 Please find out when the train leaves. Read
40、 this passage, and find out the answer to this question. 11 Everyone else was invited except me. else 副词，“其他”，常用于不定代词及特殊疑问词的后面。 I have something else important to do. Where else would you like to go for vacation? 与other的区别在于：other后须接名词，而else后不能接名词；else能修饰不定代词，而other则不能。 What else would you like? Wha
41、t other drinks would you like? Do you have anything other to say? (F) Do you have anything else to say? 这里的be invited是被动语态，“被邀请”。动词invite常用的短语结构有：invite sb. to sth. 及 invite sb. to do sth. He invited many people to his birthday party. He often invites me to go camping with his family. except prep. 除
42、之外 1) except意为只有除外;除去,后跟名词或代词作宾语,强调从整体中除去部分,即except后的部分不包括在整体之内。因此,常和all, everything, everyone, no one, nothing等词一起使用。其判别标志是:除去的与保留的是同类项。 We all went except Tom. All the questions are easy except the last one. 2) except后除了能接名词或代词之外，还能接动词不定式、动名词、介词短语以及从句等。 Mother does everything at home except (to) h
43、elp me with my study. He likes all sports except swimming and skating. We went nowhere except to the park. We usually go to school every day except on Saturday and Sunday. He is very clever except that he is a poor speaker. He often does exercise every morning except when it rains. 3) nobody except和
44、nothing except相当于only的含义。 I saw only Jim in the classroom. 同义句是 I saw nobody except Jim in the classroom. I found only one purse in his pocket. 同义句是 I found nothing except one purse in his pocket. 12 I cant think what I did wrong. do sth. wrong意为“做错了某事”。 I know I did it wrong. 我知道这事我做错了。 When you ha
45、ve done something wrong, you should say sorry. 当你做错了事情的时候，你应当道歉。 13 I dont know what to do. 此句同义句可写为： I dont know how to do it. I dont know what I should do. 14 There are a lot of things you could do. 下划线部分为定语从句。 15 You left your homework at home. 此处left为动词leave的过去式，“落下”的意思，后面常有介词短语；forget则有“忘带”的意思，
46、后面没有介词短语。 He often forgets his English book. Today, he left it at home again. 16 You lost your sports clothes. 此处lost为动词lose的过去式，“丢失”的意思。be lost中lost则是形容词，有“丢失的；迷路的”意思。 Im afraid my ID card can be lost. The old man is often lost while he is taking a walk. 17 You dont know where your ID card is. 下划线部
47、分为宾语从句，其结构是“特殊疑问词 + 主语 + 动词”。 Nobody knows what will happen in the future. I followed the alien to see where it was going. 18 be angry with sb. be angry about / at sth. be angry at sb. for sth. Why is he so angry with you? The teacher is always angry about / at her students grades. Mom is angry at me for my lie. 19 I thought I failed my test but I j
