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1、跟单信用证法律实务,厦门大学法学院肖伟2007 年 5 月,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,2,主要内容,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析UCP600实施中的法律实务最高法院司法解释评析最高法院司法解释法律实务,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,3,UCP600产生的背景及过程,信用证统一惯例修订进程的“十年之痒”1933年国际商会第82号出版物1952年国际商会第151号出版物1962年国际商会第222号出版物1973年国际商会第290号出版物1983年国际商会第400号出版物1993年国际商会第500号出
2、版物（仍在实施中）2006年国际商会第600号出版物（计划于2007年7月实施）,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,4,UCP600产生的背景及过程,UCP600修订的背景自UCP500生效以来，银行实务中围绕500产生的争议层出不穷*。为此，ICC于2002年初成立UCP修订工作小组，提出修订UCP500的动议。国际商会有关UCP500的系列出版物Position Paper No.1,2,3,4（修改/议付/非单据化条件/运输单据）Publication No.515/535/565/596URR525/ISP98/ISBP/Eucp*国际商会银行技
3、术委员会遗憾而且关切地注意到，在UCP500实施以后，一些银行错误地解释和应用UCP500的一些条文。由于未能正确地运用这些条文，其结果严重防碍了按照UCP500开立的跟单信用证的使用。（Charles del BushChairman,ICC Commission on Banking Technique and Practice.Adopted from Foreword of Position Paper 1,2,3,4）,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,5,UCP600产生的背景及过程,在2002年4月的ICC银行委员会会议上，各国代表对何时、
4、如何修订UCP500未达成一致意见（我国赞成立即开始修订），但一致同意先对产生最多争议的七个条款进行评议。因为ICC提出的专家意见中超过58集中在UCP500这七个条款上。,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,6,UCP600产生的背景及过程,在2002年10月ICC银行委员会会议上，银行委员会技术顾问GARY COLLYER提供了一份评议七条条款的报告：第九条 开证行与保兑行的责任（共二十六次）第十三条 审核单据的标准（共四十三次）第十四条 不符点单据与通知（共六十次）第二十一条 对单据出单人或单据内容未作规定（共二十九次）第二十三条 海运提单（共四十七
5、次）第三十七条 商业发票（共二十六次）第四十八条 可转让信用证（共三十一次）,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,7,UCP600产生的背景及过程,多份研究报告显示，高比例、高频率发生的信用证拒付现象日益危机信用证在国际结算中的地位。IN THE EVENT THAT THE DOCUMENTS PRESENTED WITH DISCREPANCY,A DISCREPANT FEE OF USD60.00 OR EQUIVALENT WILL BEN DEDUCTED FROM THE PROCEEDS.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyrig
6、ht Reserved,8,UCP600产生的背景及过程,From Introduction of UCP500：单据不符是信用证支付方式下一种极为普遍的现象，从1993年修订的跟单信用证统一惯例的前言可以看出：“一些调查表明，大约5跟单信用证下的单据因与信用证不符或表面不符而被拒付，这降低了跟单信用证的效力，对参与有关产品交易的各方产生财务影响，增加了成本，减少了进口商、出口商和银行的利润。有关跟单信用证的诉讼案激增也引起了人们极大的关注。”,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,9,UCP600产生的背景及过程,From Introduction of
7、UCP600：When work on the revision started,a number of global surveys indicated that,because of discrepancies,approximately 70%of documents presented under letters of credit were being rejected on first presentation.This obviously had,and continues to have,a negative effect on the letter of credit bei
8、ng seen as a means of payment and,if unchecked,could have serious implications for maintaining or increasing its market share as a recognized means of settlement in international trade.结论：信用证正日益成为拒付的工具。,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,10,UCP600产生的背景及过程,UCP600修订的过程2003年5月，ICC正式授权ICC银行委员会启动UCP500
9、修订工作修订工作的三层组织架构：The drafting Group（起草小组）The Consulting Group（咨询小组）ICC national committees（国家委员会）,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,11,UCP600产生的背景及过程,The drafting Group小组成员共10位成员，其中8位来自欧洲，其余两位分别来自美国和新加坡小组主席：Gary Collyer-ABN AMRO Bank N.V.,London,EnglandThe Consulting Group小组成员小组由来自26个国家的40余位专业人士组成
10、小组成员来自银行、运输及物流、保险等不同行业,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,12,UCP600产生的背景及过程,UCP600修订的过程FIRST STEP-REVISION PROCESS：全面回顾UCP500实施以来ICC发布的各类出版物、意见书及决定，吸收其中的合理条款。关于正本单据关于开证申请人与受益人详细地址关于预装船提单装运日期的确认,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,13,UCP600产生的背景及过程,SECOND STEP-GENERAL OBJECTIVE：全面反映近年来国际银行业、运输业和保险
11、业出现的变化，并体现一定的前瞻性；五个银行工作日删除了运输行单据条款明确了保险单据可以由代理人（proxies）出具,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,14,UCP600产生的背景及过程,全面检讨UCP500中的条款结构和文字措辞。从A组到G组分类的模块式组合到流水式条款通俗易懂、简约化的措辞 Nominated bank means the bank authorized in the credit to honour or negotiate or,in the case of a freely available credit,any bank.(
12、UCP Draft June)Nominated bank means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in the case of a credit available with any bank.(UCP Final Version),2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,15,UCP600产生的背景及过程,THIRD STEP-CO-OPERATION：建立稳定的三级合作机制This revision of the UCP represents the culminatio
13、n of over three years of extensive analysis,review,debate and compromise amongst the various members of the Drafting Group,the members of the Banking Commission and the respective ICC national committees.From Gary Collyer,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,16,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,Advising bankApplic
14、antBanking dayBeneficiaryComplying presentationConfirmationConfirming bank,CreditHonourIssuing bankNegotiationNominated bankPresentationPresenter,第一次系统地对有关信用证的14个概念进行了定义,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,17,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,Article 2 Definitions For the purpose of these rules:Advising bank mean
15、s the bank that advises the credit at the request of the issuing bank.Applicant means the party on whose request the credit is issued.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,18,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,Banking day means a day on which a bank is regularly open at the place at which an act subject to these ru
16、les is to be performed.Beneficiary means the party in whose favour a credit is issued.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,19,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,Complying presentation means a presentation that is in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit,the applicable provisions of these rules and
17、 international standard banking practice.Confirmation means a definite undertaking of the confirming bank,in addition to that of the issuing bank,to honour or negotiate a complying presentation.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,20,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,Confirming bank means the bank that adds its c
18、onfirmation to a credit upon the issuing banks authorization or request.Credit means any arrangement,however named or described,that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to honour a complying presentation.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,21,UCP600与UC
19、P500的比较分析,Honour means:a.to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.b.to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.c.to accept a bill of exchange(“draft”)drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is avail
20、able by acceptance.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,22,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,Honour means:a.to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.b.to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.c.to accept a bill of exchange(“draft
21、”)drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is available by acceptance.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,23,Article 19.Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement Arrangementsa.If an Issuing Bank intends that the reimbursement to which a paying,accepting or negotiating bank is entitled,shall be
22、obtained by such bank(the Claiming Bank),claiming on another party(theReimbursing Bank),it shall provide such Reimbursing Bank in good time with the proper instructions or authorization to honour such reimbursement claims.(UCP500)第十九条 银行间的偿付约定a开证行如欲通过另一银行（偿付行）对付款行、承兑行或议付行（均称“索偿行”）履行偿付时，开证行应及时向偿付行发出对
23、此类索偿予以偿付的适当指示或授权。,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,24,hono(u)r 英汉简明辞典 n.尊敬,敬意,荣誉,光荣vt.尊敬,给以荣誉现代英汉综合大辞典vt.给.以光荣;礼遇;赐给尊敬;崇拜【商】承兑;兑现 hono(u)r a check 承兑支票,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,25,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,Honour means:a.to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.b.to incur
24、 a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.c.to accept a bill of exchange(“draft”)drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is available by acceptance.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,26,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,Issuing bank mea
25、ns the bank that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on its own behalf.Negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts(drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank)and/or documents under a complying presentation,by advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficia
26、ry on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is due to the nominated bank.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,27,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,关于议付UCP500 Article 10（信用证的种类）Negotiation means the giving of value for Draft(s)and/or document(s)by the bank authorized to negotiate.Mere examination of the
27、 documents without giving of value does not constitute a negotiation.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,28,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,UCP500 Article 9（开证行与保兑行的责任）An irrevocable Credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the Issuing Bank,provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the Nomina
28、ted Bank or to the Issuing Bank and that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with:If the Credit provides for negotiation to pay without recourse to drawers and/or bona fide holders,Draft(s)drawn by the Beneficiary and/or document(s)presented under the Credit,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyrig
29、ht Reserved,29,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,ICC Position Paper No 2（第二号意见书）The Banking Commission wishes to clarify that for the purposes of UCP 500,the phrase giving of value in sub-Article 10(b)(ii)may be interpreted as either making immediate payment(e.g.by cash,by cheque,by remittance through a Clearing S
30、ystem or by credit to an account)or undertaking an obligation to make payment(other than giving a deferred payment undertaking or accepting a draft).,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,30,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,ICC Publication No.459：关于追索权议付行在任何情况下均享有追索权，除非该行保兑了信用证（The Commission finally decided to ma
31、ke a distinction between credits available through payment and credit available through negotiation.As to the former(available through payment),any recourse by the advising bank vis-vis the beneficiary was to be excluded if it had not expressed a reservation when making its payment.As to the latter
32、credits(available through negotiation),the advising bank always had a right of recourse,unless it had confirmed the credit”.）,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,31,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,ICC Publication No.596 R259：议付的追索权银行提供议付时所要求的条件，即是否保留追索权，不能由ICC来裁定。那些条件取决于当地法律及议付行与出口商之间的关系。应由受益人来决定是否接受那些条件并在“保留追索
33、”的条件下取得款项。在这些情况下，受益人最好使信用证可自由议付，以使他们能够把单据提交给一家一旦接受单据将始终信守决定的被指定银行。,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,32,议付定义的演变UCP500：Negotiation means the giving of value for Draft(s)and/or document(s)by the bank authorized to negotiate.Mere examination of the documents without giving of value does not constitu
34、te a negotiation.UCP600：Negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts(drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank)and/or documents under a complying presentation,by advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficiary on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is due
35、 to the nominated bank.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,33,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,Nominated bank means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in the case of a credit available with any bank.Presentation means either the delivery of documents under a credit to the issuing bank or no
36、minated bank or the documents so delivered.Presenter means a beneficiary,bank or other party that makes a presentation.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,34,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,删除了那些表达不确切、内容已过时及与国际贸易实务相脱节的条款条款总数由UCP500的49条缩减为39条，且不再分类删除了信用证“可撤销”的概念(Art.6 of UCP500)删除了运输行单据条款(Art.39 of UCP500)删除了运输
37、单据之“不得含有载运船只仅以风帆为动力的批注”(Art.23 of UCP500)删除了运输单据之额外费用的列举条款(Art.33 of UCP500),2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,35,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,确立了新的国际结算实务操作标准银行审核单据的时间缩短为5天A nominated bank acting on its nomination,a confirming bank,if any,and the issuing bank shall each have a maximum of five banking days
38、following the day of presentation to determine if a presentation is complying.,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,36,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,明确了受益人对修改保持沉默不等于接受修改A provision in an amendment to the effect that the amendment shall enter into force unless rejected by the beneficiary within a certain time s
39、hall be disregarded.(Art.10),2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,37,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,增加了实务操作性条款即使单据遗失，开证行也必须付款（35条）Provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the nominated bank or to the issuing bank and that they constitute a complying presentation,the issuing bank must honour(Art.7
40、)An issuing bank is irrevocably bound to honour as of the time it issues the credit.(Art.7)An issuing bank undertakes to reimburse a nominated bank that has honoured or negotiated a complying presentation and forwarded the documents to the issuing bank.(Art.7),2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,38
41、,An irrevocable Credit constitutesd a definite undertaking or the issuing Bank,provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the Nominated Bank or to the Issuing Bank and that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with(Art.9 of UCP500)如果发送单证相符单据给开证行的银行是一家被指定银行，而单据在途中遗失，那么开证行有
42、责任付款，前提是单据以信用证规定的方式寄送，即当信用证规定为挂号邮寄时，单据要按那种方式寄送，而不是通过快递公司。以非信用证所要求的方式寄送单据的风险有被指定银行承担，而不是受益人承担。（ICC632/R429）,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,39,If a nominated bank determines that a presentation is complying and forwards the documents to the issuing bank or confirming bank,whether or not the nomi
43、nated bank has honoured or negotiated,an issuing bank or confirming bank must honour or negotiate,or reimburse that nominated bank,even when the documents have been lost in transit between the nominated bank and the issuing bank or confirming bank,or between the confirming bank and the issuing bank.
44、(Art.35),2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,40,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,拒付电增加了“持单至申请人放弃不付点”的选择the issuing bank is holding the documents until it receives a waiver from the applicant and agrees to accept it,or receives further instructions from the presenter prior to agreeing to accept a waiver(Art.16),2
45、023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,41,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,建立了“单据必须满足其功能”的标准If a credit requires presentation of a document other than a transport document,insurance document or commercial invoice,without stipulating by whom the document is to be issued or its data content,banks will accept the docum
46、ent as presented if its content appears to fulfil the function of the required document and otherwise complies with sub-article 14(d).,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,42,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,When documents other than transport documents,insurance documents and commercial invoices are called for,t
47、he Credit should stipulate by whom such documents are to be issued and their wording or data content.If the Credit does not so stipulate,banks will accept such documents as presented,provided that their data content is not inconsistent with any other stipulated document presented.(Art.21 of UCP500)当
48、要求提供运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时，信用证中应规定该单据的出票人及其措辞或内容。如信用证对此未作规定，只要所提交单据的内容与提交的其它规定单据不矛盾，银行将接受此类单据。（第21条）,2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,43,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,明确开证行可以作为转让行转让自己开立的信用证Transferring bank means a nominated bank that transfers the credit or,in a credit available with any bank,a bank that is
49、 specifically authorized by the issuing bank to transfer and that transfers the credit.An issuing bank may be a transferring bank.(Art.38),2023/3/17,Yuqiang Copyright Reserved,44,UCP600与UCP500的比较分析,措辞更为简洁、严格、清晰、与时俱进关于简洁If the bill of lading contains the indication“intended vessel”,or similar qualifi
50、cation in relation to the vessel,loading on board a named vessel must be evidenced by an on board notation on the bill of lading which,in addition to the date on which the goods have been loaded on board,also includes the name of the vessel on which the goods have been loaded,even if they have been
