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1、大学英语四级考试,翻译题型,新改革后翻译题型:段落翻译（汉译英）,测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。分值比例：15%考试时间：30分钟。内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展 长度：140-160个汉字；,大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准,样卷,PartIVTranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.Youshouldwriteyour answeronAnswerSheet2.,样题 cet 4-12/2018
2、,由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人的速度增长。这极大地改变了许多人的阅读方式。他们现在经常在智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报刊。大量移动应用程序（apps）的开发使人们能用手机读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。但调查显示，尽管手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。,汉译英解题步骤,1.阅读原文，理解原文，获得总体印象。2.处理原文句子，正确断句，合句，找准主语。理解原文中的语言现象和逻辑关系，注意汉英两种语言的不同表达习惯，综合翻译技巧进行翻译。3.修改，对译文修正、加工、润饰。第一步：对照原
3、文一句一句修改，看原文内容、思想是否准确表达出来；有无漏译、错译、曲解的地方；译文语言是否通顺。第二步：脱离原文，反复阅读后进行修改。看上下文有无不连接的地方，前后有无矛盾、重复的地方，有无逻辑不通的地方。,翻译的标准清 严复,1.信 faithfulness 准确，忠实于原文2.达 fluency 通顺，流畅3.雅 elegance 优美，雅致,汉语 VS 英语 不同表达习惯,一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句 四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词”五、英语多被动，汉语多主动 六、英语多变化，汉语多重复,英汉结构差异,连接方式：汉语
4、隐形，即连接词很少出现或不出现，这体现为意合(parataxis);英语显性，即连接词出现，体现为形合(hypotaxis)组句方式：汉语：动词多，短句多，常按时间顺序或前因后果的逻辑关系排列，呈链状；英语：常按句内主次从属关系排列，在句子主体上添加修饰语以及限定语，形成严谨的树状结构。,1.正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。e.g.在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，累起来可达桌子高。思路：SVO=纸+达到+桌子高。问题：累起来怎么处理？In that year and a half,the paper on which she had copied English w
5、ords or written them down from memory,if stacked up,could reach the table from the floor.,结构差异带来的启示,1.正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。其后走过三个人，都有四五十岁光景。手摇白纸扇，缓步而来。Behind him came three men,all about forty to fifty years old.Fanning themselves with white paper fans,they walked slowly.,结构差异带来的启示,2.掌握内在联系正确断句
6、剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red,which symbolizes health and prosperity.(cet 4-06/2015),结构差异带来的启示,2.掌握内在联系正确断句作为中国的国宝，功夫有上百种不同的风格，是世界上练的最多的武术形式。(cet 4-06/2016)As a national treasure of China,there are hundreds of different styles of martial arts,the most pra
7、cticed martial arts in the world.,结构差异带来的启示,3.在做汉译英时，当汉语句子由多个分句构成，且句意联系紧密时，应首先确立句子的主干及句型，再确定定语（从句）、状语（从句）、非谓语成分、介词词组、独立结构等；原文：我原来计划今年二月访问美国，后来不得不推迟，这使我感到很扫兴。It was quite disappointing that I had to postpone the visit to U.S.which I had intended to pay in February.,结构差异带来的启示,3.在做汉译英时，当汉语句子由多个分句构成，且句意
8、联系紧密时，应首先确立句子的主干及句型，再确定定语（从句）、状语（从句）、非谓语成分、介词词组、独立结构等。改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policy.,结构差异带来的启示,3.在做汉译英时，当汉语句子由多个分句构成，且句意联系紧密时，应首先确立句子的主干及句型，再确定定语（从句）、状语（从句）、非谓语成分、介词词组、独立结构等。当地人中流传着许多关于因爱而生，为爱而死的故事。(cet 4-12/2015)
9、Plenty of stories about living for love and dying for love have been spread among the natives/locals.,结构差异带来的启示,汉译英的翻译方法和基本技巧,一、翻译的基本方法：直译意译,直译：保持原文内容、又保持原文形式，基本保留原有句子结构，不是死译。意译：只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式，更多考虑英语的特点。如：情人眼里出西施。Xishi in lovers eyes.(直译)Beauty in lovers eyes.（意译）,如：Wet paint.湿油漆。(直译)油漆未干。（意译）,一、翻译
10、的基本方法：直译 死译，硬译,如：He is a man of family.他是一个有家室的人.(死译)他出身名门.（正译）如：Tom was upsetting the other children,so I showed him the door.汤姆一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他带到门那里去.(死译)汤姆一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵出去了.（正译）,一、翻译的基本方法：直译 意译,如：My master is dear to me,but still dearer is the truth.我爱吾师，我更爱真理.(意译)如：The Senate today extended the o
11、liver brach to the Cliton government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.参议院今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝，请求在发展 外交政策上合作.(直译),直译与意译相互关联，互为补充，两种译法可以并用,二、汉译英的基本技巧,1.增词为了充分传达原文含义，必须增补词语，以求达意.要欣赏大山的宏伟壮丽，通常得向上看。但要欣赏黄山美景，得向下看。(cet 4-12/2017)To appreciate the magnificence of the mountain,people have t
12、o look upward in most cases while to enjoy the fascinating landscape of Huangshan,theyve got to look downward.,1.我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。I dont think it difficult to speak to a foreigner in English.2.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.,增加形式宾语 it,增连词,Practic
13、e Please.,2.减词:,汉语喜欢重复，英语崇尚简洁。汉语的重复作为一种修辞手段有两种作用。一是为了强调，重复表达一个意思，或增添修饰语，加强语气。二是为了便于词语搭配，或平衡节奏，增加可读性。这些在汉语里习以为常的重复词语或句式，到了英语里要么不合逻辑，要么累赘冗长。所以翻译时都要有所删减省略。这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天！让我们张开双臂，热烈拥抱这个春天吧！Let us stretch out our arms to embrace the spring,which is one of the revolution,of the people,and of scie
14、nce.,见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。The sight of his native place called back his childhood.他连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes.长嗟短叹 sighing deeply 发号施令 issue orders 土崩瓦解 fall apart 两面三刀 two-faced tactics,Practice Please.,情景,没有出现,省名词,(省动词),3.词类转换,动词名词 英语动词的使用则受到
15、形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词，大量原本应该由动词表达的概念，需借助名词，因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚，使用起来相对灵活、方便。eg.游客到处乱弃垃圾，制造废水，再加上这一地区大兴土木，建造旅游设施，这一切都严重破坏了当地的生态环境和文化氛围。Littering and waste water from tourists as well as construction of tourist facilities in the area are polluting the surrounding both environmentally and culturallly
16、.,3.词类转换,动词介词 英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也频繁出现,且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。eg.人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.飞机失去控制而坠毁。The plane crushed out of control.,3.词类转换,动词形容词 汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达，这样的译文有时比直接使用动词显得更地道、标准。eg.在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。It was widespread par
17、ticularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.eg.我们对此十分满意。We are satisfied with that.,3.词类转换,名词动词 eg.他的演讲给我们的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply.形容词名词eg.你说他傻不傻？Dont you think he is an idiot?名词副词eg.她体质差但头脑健全。She is weak physically but sound mentally.,4.语态转换,在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态。在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语。如果
18、一味按照汉语原句的语态来翻译，会使译文显得十分别扭。这个小男孩在放学回家的路上受了伤。The little boy was hurt on his way home from school.门锁好了。The door has been locked up.大家认为他已经康复。It is thought that she has recovered.,5.分译&合译(按内容层次分译),分译：需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明青春是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时
19、，要做学问也来不及了。Youth will soon be gone，never to return.And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。Looking through the window,she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank.In it there was a boatman fast asleep.,(按内容层次分译),(从主语变换处分译),
20、合译：相较于汉语而言，英语长句多，因此在翻译中，要把汉语的两个或多个句子合译为英语的一句，使译文紧凑、简练。对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers,giving more details.,从主语变换处合译,按内容连贯合译,6.正、反表达
21、翻译,I.汉语从反面表达，英语译文则从正面表达他这个问题我解决不了。The problem is beyond me.我们不能辜负父母的期望。We should live up to our parents expectation.II.汉语从正面表达，英语译文从反面表达这是我保留的唯一财产。It is the only possession that I have not given up.对于汉译英，你越细心越好。You can never be too careful about Chinese-English translation.,7.变序,从译文的行文上考虑，有时需要对原文的词序
22、作一番调整，以适应英文的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。例：到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。Unique local creations are available in Xian,such as the three colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures.(“兵马俑”和“唐三彩”在译文中变换了位置，是为了避免”of the Tang Dynasty”在结构上产生歧义。),如何备考,1.熟悉考试要求2.熟悉英汉差异；汉译英基本翻译技巧和方 法3.背会专题词汇 四六级翻译高频词汇）4.精做10份
23、练习：自己翻译 对照参考答案（比较选词、句型、语序）,Practice makes perfect!,样题 cet 4-12/2018,由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人的速度增长。这极大地改变了许多人的阅读方式。他们现在经常在智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报刊。大量移动应用程序（apps）的开发使人们能用手机读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。但调查显示，尽管手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。,/,/,/,/,由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人的速度增长。这极大地改变了
24、许多人的阅读方式。,/,Due to(Thanks to)the rapid development of communication networks,the number of smartphone users in China has been increasing at an alarming rate(has seen/witnessed a shocking growth)in recent years,which has dramatically changed a host of peoples ways of reading.,Because communication ne
25、tworks develop quickly,the number of Chinese smartphone users has been increasing fast recently.This has greatly changed the way many people read.,Now,they often read news and articles on their smartphones,and do not buy traditional newspapers,他们现在经常在智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报刊。,Instead of purchasing(buying
26、)traditional newspapers,now,they frequently read news and articles on their smartphones.,The development of a considerable number of mobile apps enables people to read(makes it possible for people to read)novels and other forms of literature works on their mobile phones,resulting in the declining sa
27、le of paper books.(exerting an influence over the sale of.),大量移动应用程序（apps）的开发使人们能用手机读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。,The development of so many mobile apps lets people read novels and other literature works on their mobile phones.Thus,selling the paper books has been influenced/affected/impacted.,但调查显
28、示，尽管手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。,However,a survey demonstrates/shows/suggests that over half of adults still prefer reading paper books,in spite of the steady growth of the mobile phone reading market.,But according to the survey,despite that the mobile phone reading market expands steadily,more than o
29、f(50%of)adults still prefer paper books.,珠江三角洲是中国最发达的地区之一，面积约11，000平方公里。上世纪70年代末中国改革开放以来，珠江三角洲已成为中国和世界主要经济区域和制造中心之一。(cet 4-06/2017),练习 1,中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。,key 1,China w
30、ill develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world,which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises.Since Chinas reform and opening up,Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology,and have scored great
31、achievement.Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth,but also benefited from the cooperation.Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.,练习 2,狮舞（Lion Da
32、nce）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。,Key 2,The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of anima
33、ls.In Chinese tradition,the lion is regarded as a mascot,which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength,which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty,the Lion Dance wa
34、s already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore,performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck,safety and happiness.,练习 3,假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同
35、时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。,Key 3,The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese peoples consumption concept is undertaking great changes.According to statistics,the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to
36、 leisure,comfort and personal development.Therefore,the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development.On the other hand,services should be improved to satisfy peoples demand for an improved quality of life.,练习 4,端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给
37、国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。,Key 4,The Duanwu Festival,also called the Dragon Boat Festival,is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister,who brought pe
38、ace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuans body.For thousands of years,the festival has been marked by g
39、lutinous dumplings and dragon boat races,especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.,练习 5,2013年6月20日在中国各地，剧估计60万儿童和他们的老师观看了有宇航员（astronaut）王亚平在距离地球300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱(the Tiangon-1 laboratory module)执行为期两周的任务。她在课上进行了一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中还对比了在地球上重力（one-gravity
40、）环境下同样的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物理课，也显示了我国通信科技的前进。,Key 5,On June 20,2013,an estimated 600 thousand school children and their teachers across China watched a science lesson taught from 300km above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping.Wang is aboard the Tiangong-1 laboratory module with two crewmates,
41、for a two-week mission.Her lessons were a series of physics demonstrations in the space.In some demonstrations,she compared with the same experiment under the one-gravity environment on Earth.The lesson has not only offered children a physics lesson with knowledge and interest,but also shows the advance in communication technology of China.,Thank you!,
