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1、第六章增补与省略Addition&Omission in Translation,增补与省略是一种常用的翻译技巧，也称为增减词译法。,增补译法1 译形容词时增加程度副词2 译抽象名词时增加具体名词3 译抽象名词时增加另一个抽象名词4 译名词复数时增加表示门类、数量概念的词5 补译省略部分6 补译替代部分7 补译解释说明 8 根据语气增词9 根据语境增词10 根据逻辑修辞增词 省略译法1 冠词的省译2 代词的省译3 名词的省译4 动词或系动词的省译5 介词的省译6 连词的省译7 短语或句子的省译,第六章 增补与省略,第 六 章 重 点,增词不增意是增补译法的原则，即所增之词，其意义虽然在原文字面
2、上没有清楚地表现出来，但却隐藏在原文中，而增补译法并未违背忠实原则。,增补译法（Proper Addition in Translation）,翻译形容词时前面可加上一个表示程度的副词如“比较、非常、十分、实在、相当”等，但这些词并不起强调或加强语气的作用，也没有比较关系，只起缓和或协调语气的作用。,1 译形容词时增加程度副词,Eg.suitable适应比较适应 warm热情非常热情 courageous勇敢非常勇敢 kind善良十分善良 lovely可爱十分可爱 witty高明实在高明 disgusting讨厌实在讨厌 satisfied满意相当满意,例1：The park is beaut
3、iful.【译文】这公园美（很美，非常美，十分美，相当美）。,像这类形容词前加上“比较、非常、十分”等词，在讲话、朗读时语气要自然一些，读音不可拖长，音拖长了意思也就改变了。,例2：It is fitting that we should remember him on his birthday.【译文】我们在他的诞辰之日来纪念他是比较合适的。,在抽象名词后常增加上另一个名词来说明这个抽象名词，如“状态、状况、情况、工作、过程、作用、现象、情绪、方式、方法、技巧、问题、部分、原因、化、方案、系统、部门”等，但要视情况而定。,2 译抽象名词时增加具体名词,例1：It is enough to s
4、hatter complacency.【译文】足以打破自满情绪。,例2：stillness静止静止状态 confusion 混乱混乱局面 measurement测量测量方法 purification净化净化过程repetition重复重复现象management管理管理方式calculation计算计算方法accommodation住宿住宿问题joint连接连接部分saturation饱和饱和状态preparation准备准备工作remedies补救补救措施modification修改修改方案,在抽象名词后面跟上另一个抽象名词来加强语气，强调说明前一个名词，两个名词互相解释。,3 译抽象名词时
5、增加另一个抽象名词,例1：Use your intelligence,and youre sure to achieve something.【译文】发挥你的聪明才智,你一定能取得成就。,例2：zealousness热情热情大方 thought思想思想意识 morality道德道德品质 pride骄傲骄傲自大 tediousness枯燥枯燥无味 contemptibility卑鄙卑鄙无耻 silence沉默沉默寡言 leisure闲情闲情逸致 calmness坦然坦然自若 cautiousness谨慎谨慎小心,例1：We admire him for the way in which he f
6、aces his difficulties.【译文】我们赞赏他面对各种困难的做法。,4 译名词复数时增加表示门类、数量概念的词,可数名词是复数形式时，可根据具体情况增加表示门类、数量概念的词。这些概念词常是“们、一些、许多、这些、那些、各种、各类、各项、几个”等。,例2：activities活动各种活动 samples样品各种样品 types 型号各种型号 problems问题这些问题 contradictions矛盾这些矛盾 books 书籍各类书籍 sizes尺寸各类尺寸 contents内容各项内容 targets指标各项指标 circumstances情况种种情况 causes 原因种
7、种原因,原文为使语言简洁，避免重复而省掉了一个或几个词、词组。汉译时补译出原文所省略之词，会使译文意思清楚明确、生动有力，具有行文优美、结构完整之感。,5 补译省略部分,例1：Besides food and blankets,they had mules,picks and pans.【译文】除了带着食物和毯子之外，他们还牵着骡子，扛着铁锨，带着淘盘。,例2：Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.【译文】读书可以培养一个完美的人，说话可以训练一个敏捷的人，而写作可以造就一个准确的人。,
8、例3：The Chinese people still keep their conventional way to celebrate the Spring Festival;a whole family gathering on New Years Eve make dumplings and fire crackers.【译文】中国人仍以传统的方式迎新春，除夕之夜全家人聚在一起包饺子、放鞭炮。,例4：Studies serve for delight,for ornament and,for ability.Their chief use for delight is in privat
9、eness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment and disposition of business.(Francis Bacon:Of Studies)【译文】读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。（王佐良译）,例1：Practically every river has an upper,a middle,and a lower part.【译文】但凡是河流，都有上游、中游和下游。例2：
10、We wont retreat;we never have and never will.【译文】我们不后退，我们从来就没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。,补充例句,翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整,1The purposes of his journey were both military and political.【译文】这次旅行既有军事上的目的，又有政治上的目的。,2Some of the gases in the air are fairly constant in amount,while others are not.【译文】空气中有些气体的含量相当稳定，有些就不稳定。,
11、翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整,3You may apply in person or by letter.【译文】你可以本人亲自去申请或寄信去申请。,翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整,4Some go only for one year,many for two,but never longer,unless the ship which is to bring them out cannot reach their base.【译文】有些人在这里呆一年，也有人要呆两年，但绝对不会再久，除非去接他们的船只到不了基地。,翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整,原文为了避免重
12、复，常在表达中使用代词来代替前面出现的有关信息，英译汉时可重复补译出代词所代替的信息，这样使前后照应，表达一致。,6 补译替代部分,Eg.Know the true value of time;snatch,seize,and enjoy every moment of it.【译文】知道时间的真正价值。才能争取每一刻，抓住每一刻，享受每一刻。,例1：Time is treated as if it were something almost real.We budget it,save it,waste it,steal it,kill it,cut it,account for it;we
13、 also charge for it.【译文】时间被当作几乎实实在在的东西对待。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、解释时间是怎么用的；我们还要因为花了时间而收取费用。,补充例句,补充例句,例2：You cannot build a ship,a house,or a machine tool if you do not know how to make a design or how to read it.【译文】如果不懂制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造成一条船，盖好一座房子或生产出一台机床来。,翻译句子，注意补译替代部分使句意完整,1Did you enjoy y
14、our time in Nanjing？Yes,I did.【译文】你在南京过得愉快吗？是的，我过得很愉快。,2Is matter in constant motion and in constant change?Yes,it is.【译文】物质是在不断地运动和变化着吗？是的，物质是在不断地运动和变化着。,翻译句子，注意补译替代部分使句意完整,3For errors had been made,bad ones.【译文】因为错误已经出了不少，而且还是很严重的错误。4I hope that the meeting will not be too long,for it will only wa
15、ste time.【译文】希望会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。,小节结束,翻译句子，注意补译替代部分使句意完整,7 补译解释说明,英译汉时若按字面译，让人看不明白，甚至误解，增加一些必要的解释性文字，补充说明，表达完整。,例1：And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed.【译文】越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上说，他们仍然是少数。,1He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of l
16、ife and death.【译文】他一直生活在沙漠里，每杯水都可能是生死攸关之大事，必须精打细算地用。,2If one had but two heads and neither required sleep!（=It would be good if one had but two heads and neither required sleep!）【译文】人要是有两个脑袋，而且都不需要休息就好了。,3Saving is to an individual is what profit is to a business./What saving is to an individual is
17、what profit is to a business.【译文】一个人不能不储蓄存钱，就像一个企业不能没有利润效益一样。,4And he launched into a speech,eloquently advocating his army of the future.【译文】接着他发表了长篇演说，振振有词地把他设想中的未来军队鼓吹了一番。,Eg.Good news,friends!【译文】朋友们，报告大家一个好消息！,8 根据语气增词,出于行文考虑，英译汉时增加一些汉语的语气助词、强调性副词或重复词汇，使译文明白流畅，这种增词译法实际上是一种结构增词。,例2：What we saw w
18、as indeed a new China.A country of well-dressed,clean,healthy,and happy people.【译文】我们所看到的确实是一个新中国。一个人民衣着体面整洁、身体健康、生活幸福的国家。,例1：Suppose it were so?(=Suppose it were so,what shall we do?)【译文】假如果真如此，又该怎么办呢？,补充例句,例2：He poured out his tale of misfortunes.【译文】他滔滔不绝地诉说了自己的遭遇。,补充例句,根据上下文、隐义语境的需要，增补语义上、结构上和修辞
19、上所必须的词，这些词可以是动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词、范畴性词、概括性词、甚至句子等。,9 根据语境增词,例1：There are teachers in plenty,but the teacher does not exist.【译文】教师多的是，但真正的好老师却没有。,例2：The speed and reliability are the chief advantage of the electronic computer.【译文】运行速度快，可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。,例3：Life centered around family and food【译文】生活的圈子就是自己的
20、家，生活中主要关心的是如何填饱肚皮。,例1：God knows what their fate will be,but I can guess.【译文】天晓得他们的命运将如何，可我能猜出几分。,补充例句,例2：At the meeting he made a speecheloquent and energetic.【译文】他在会上发表了讲话很动听很有力。,补充例句,小节结束,翻译句子，根据语境、语义增词,1People in the square melted away.【译文】广场上的人们渐渐散去了。2This is the drink of hot weather.【译文】这是大热天理想
21、的饮料。,3He was weak and old.【译文】他身体衰弱，年纪也大了。4The advantages of the hall are bright,spacious,fashionable and without echo.【译文】这间大厅有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、时尚新潮、没有回声。,翻译句子，根据语境、语义增词,如果是无生命名词作主语，可译成状语从句，增词可使译文意思更加清楚，结构更加完整，逻辑关系明确。这类句子汉译时，常用汉语的条件复合句“只要就”，“由于”，“因而”，主语改用“你(们)”“我（们）”等，其谓语动词常用“make,enable,prevent,lead to,
22、cause,show,bring about”等。,10 根据逻辑修辞增词,例1：This medicine will make you feel better.【译文】你吃了这药就会好些。例2：With determination,with luck,and with help from lots of good people,I was able to rise from the ashes.【译文】凭着我的决心，我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于重整旗鼓。,例3：Your refusal to come might offend others.【译文】你如果不来就会得罪人。例4：C
23、areful comparison of them will show you the difference.【译文】只要仔细把他们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。,翻译下列句子，注意逻辑修辞,1Illness prevented him from doing his work.【译文】他因病不能干活。2Social evils were fundamentally caused by economic inequality.【译文】从根本上说，社会罪恶是由经济不平等所造成的。,任何语言都要求在表达上尽可能地做到简练明确，能用三个字表示的意思绝不用五个字，一句话能说明白的绝不说两句。减词译法是英
24、汉翻译中一种常用的、重要的、坚持语言“经济原则”的翻译方法和技巧。,省略译法（Proper Omission in Translation）,减词译法又叫省略译法，即 我们通常所说的“长话短说”。在具体操作上要注意所省去的词不是随心所欲任意而省的，一定要符合修辞上、语义上、语言结构上的需要。省略后既不影响原文的思想内容，又流畅自然，简明。英语中，经常使用的词如冠词、连词(并列连词和从属连词)、代词（人称代词、关系代词）、关系副词等，在汉语中很少出现，要使译文地道忠实，就要省去不译。,1 冠词的省译2 代词的省译3 名词的省译4 动词或系动词的省译5 介词的省译6 连词的省译7 短语或句子的省译
25、,省略译法,不定冠词(a/an)最基本的意义是“一”，表示数字概念时，不能省略，但用于引申意义表示类别，或用在固定短语中，可省略不译。定冠词(the)用在表示方位的名词前，或形容词（形容词最高级）、专有名词之前，特别是用在固定短语或词组中时，常常省略不译。,1 冠词的省译,例1：A square has four angles(sides).【译文】正方形有四个角（边）。例2：A dictionary is a good teacher.【译文】辞典是良师。例3：It must be morning now,because the birds are singing.【译文】一定是天亮了，因为
26、鸟儿在歌唱。,人称代词we,you，及不定代词one，ones在句中含有泛指的意思时，常可省略不译；it在句中（引导主语、宾语、或强调句中）作为引导词时，没有实际意义，可省译；作宾语或同位语用的反身代词，常可省略不译；作定语用的物主代词，常可省略不译，这样其关系更为明确一些。,2 代词的省译,例1：One must have studied hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.【译文】必须勤学苦练,才能精通一门外语。例2：He covered his face with his hand as if to
27、protect his eyes.【译文】他用手蒙住脸，好像去保护眼睛。,例3：Order is order,we cannot complain,we cannot bargain,we cannot question and we cannot suggest changes.【译文】命令就是命令，不得抱怨，不得讨价还价，不得质疑，也不得建议修改。,翻译下列句子，注意冠词、代词的省译,1By analysis,we mean analyzing the contradictions in things.【译文】所谓分析,就是分析事物的矛盾。2I am not a poet;I could
28、not write a single line to depict its beauty.【译文】我不是诗人，我写不出一行诗句来描绘它的美丽。,3Our son,Carl,who is six,goes to a good private school,and our daughter,who is four,wont go to school until next year.【译文】我儿子卡尔六岁，在一所很好的私立学校读书，女儿四岁，明年才上学。,翻译下列句子，注意冠词、代词的省译,4But its the way I am,and try as I might;I havent been
29、able to change it.【译文】可我就是这个脾气，虽几经努力，却始终未能改变过来。5It is mans social being that determines his thinking.【译文】人们的社会存在，决定人们的意识。,小节结束,翻译下列句子，注意冠词、代词的省译,英语中重复某些名词，表示某种概念的重复或强调，若是直译过来，会使译文显得臃肿，不够简洁精炼。因此，为使译文简练、紧凑，文气贯通，汉译时可省译。,3 名词的省译,例1：The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by mean
30、s of generator or dynamo.【译文】发电机能把机械能转变成电能。,例2：The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness,and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness.【译文】对于普通人而言，治疗妒忌的惟一办法是快乐，然而困难在于，妒忌本身就是快乐的巨大障碍。,例3：Curiosity is a willing,a proud,an eager confession of
31、ignorance.【译文】好奇是在急不可耐地炫耀自己的无知。,例4：Men tend to enjoy public,referentially orientated talk,while women enjoy intimate,affectively orientated talk.【译文】男人喜欢公开谈论有具体内容的话题，而女人则乐意私下交流情感。,小节结束,动词一般不能省略，但某些动词(如give,make,come,take,pay)与具有动作意味的名词连用时可以省略；系动词（如become,go,get等）也可以省译。,4 动词或系动词的省译,例1：This was a mast
32、erly appointment.【译文】这个任命实在高明。例2：She was smooth and agreeable to meet.【译文】她为人处事，八面玲珑。例3：Then came the development of the microcomputer.【译文】后来，微型计算机发展起来了。,例1：though the gleams blind and dazzle,yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined.【译文】尽管光亮令人目眩，但它实实在在地
33、带来了我们从未感受过或无法想象到的美好和宁静。,补充例句,小节结束,英语中的介词用得很多，词与词之间的关系大都是用介词表示的，汉语则不是这样，汉语中词与词的关系常通过语序和逻辑关系表示。所以，翻译时，有的要译成汉语的动宾词组、介词词组、定语或状语词组，有些介词可考虑省略。,5 介词的省译,例1：He is honest to the core.【译文】他很老实。例2：The rocket was invented by Chinese in the 12th century.【译文】中国人在12世纪就发明了火箭。,例3：University applicants who had worked
34、at a job would receive preference over those who had not.【译文】报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。,英语中词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子之间的关系都是用连词把它们连接起来的，所以连词用得较多。汉语则不然，句子结构一般都是按时间顺序和逻辑关系排列的，连词用得较少，在英汉翻译中连词大多可省略不译。,6 连词的省译,例1：There is no blinking at the fact that our people,our territory,and our interests are in grave danger.【译文】必须看到，我
35、们的人民、我们的国土、我们的利益都处于严重的危险之中。,例2：No man can be brave who considers pain the greatest evil of life;or temperate,who regards pleasure as the highest good.【译文】把痛苦视为生活最大不幸的人不可能英勇无畏；把欢乐当作生活最高追求的人不会自我节制。,例3：Because everyone uses language to talk,everyone thinks he can talk about language.【译文】人人都用语言交谈，人人也就自以
36、为能够谈论语言。,例1：I regret I am not in a position to help you.【译文】很遗憾，我不能帮你的忙。例2：The sound which came from him was an involuntary shriek of pure joy he cared neither if he lived nor if he died.【译文】他不由自主地尖叫一声那纯粹是快乐的喊声，他早已把生死置之度外了。,7 短语或句子的省译,翻译句子，注意省译,1As the temperature increases，the volume of water becom
37、es greater.【译文】温度升高,水的体积就增大。2When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle they are reflected.【译文】短波发送出去,遇到障碍就反射回来。,翻译句子，注意省译,3I was in the bath,with the result that I didnt hear the telephone.【译文】那时我正在洗澡，因此没有听到电话铃响。,4We must bring forward a new design at the earliest possible date.【译文】我们必须尽早提出
38、一项新方案。5I honest to goodness would like to find myself a job somewhere.【译文】我确实想在哪儿找个工作干。,翻译句子，注意省译,增减词译法从理论上讲比较好理解，增词就是在翻译过程中增加一个或若干个词的一种译法，即“加词2+1=2（加词不加意）”。减词就是在翻译过程中减少一个或若干个词的一种译法，即“减词2-1=2（减词不减意）”（许渊冲）。但在具体翻译中，很难说清这一句是用增词译法而译，那一句是用减词译法而译。增词减词是一个辩证的统一体，在具体翻译过程中根据需要增词或减词，须增时可增，要减时便减，以意义需要、行文优美为目的。,
39、综合练习及参考译文,用增补译法翻译下列句子,1）A knock at the door prevented me from answering his question.2）The widespread application of new and more complex products will give rise to side-effects.3）An intelligence test will allow us to predict the level of a student.4）The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her
40、parents.5）In this mood,I went to diplomatic circles,earnest but only sketchingly informed.,用省略译法翻译下列句子,6)Water passes from a liquid to a solid state when it freezes.7)The scenery was beautiful;and the acting was superb.8)Its an experience I wouldnt trade for anything in the world.9)Before the night
41、was far advanced,they began to move against the enemy.10)It is now thought that the more work we give our brain,the more work they are able to do.,5）In this mood,I went to diplomatic circles,earnest but only sketchingly informed.,综合练习及参考译文,用增补译法翻译下列句子,1）A knock at the door prevented me from answerin
42、g his question.因为有人敲门，我无法回答他的问题。2）The widespread application of new and more complex products will give rise to side-effects.由于广泛地应用更复杂的新产品，将产生一些副作用。,3）An intelligence test will allow us to predict the level of a student.智力测验能预测学生的实际水平。4）The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents.我一见到那
43、个孤儿，就想到他的父母。5）In this mood,I went to diplomatic circles,earnest but only sketchingly informed.我就是怀着这种心情进入外交界的，满腔热情，但知之甚少。Water passes from a liquid to a solid state when it freezes.水结冰就是从液态转变为固态。,The scenery was beautiful;and the acting was superb.布景很美，演出很出色。8)Its an experience I wouldnt trade for anything in the world.这就是我最宝贵的一次经历。9)Before the night was far advanced,they began to move against the enemy.入夜不久，他们开始进攻敌人。10)It is now thought that the more work we give our brain,the more work they are able to do.现在人们认为，脑子越用越好使。,
