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1、外文文献翻译译文一、 外文原文原文：Financial accounting information and corporate governance systemsAbstractWe posit that limited transparency of firms operations to outside investors increases demands on governance systems to alleviate moral hazard problems. The accounting information system is one part of the comp
2、any governs, which has a close relation with the corporate governance. The accounting information system has a reaction to the corporate governance. And the quality of the accounting information would be influenced by the corporate governance .In current society, the phenomenon that accounting infor
3、mation distortion keeps appeared all the time. However,this reasonable arrangements wouldnt be carried out effectually because the sanction for the unit principal is not enough and its range is dwindled. And therefore,this paper suggests that Accounting Law and Criminal Law should be revised,examina
4、tions on the quality of accounting information should be strengthened and the socially informing system should be set up. It is necessary to perfect corporate governance in order to make the quality of the accounting information better in this article; I explain what the corporate governance and the
5、 quality of accounting information are present now. And then I will try to analysis the relationship between the deficiency of corporate governance and the accounting information quality, the influence that the accounting information quality 。IntroductionIn the U.S. and in other economies with stron
6、g legal protection of outside shareholders rights, transparency of a firms operations and activities to outside investors disciplines managers to act in shareholders interests.1 Wepos it that limited corporate transparency increases demands on corporate governance systems to alleviate moral hazard p
7、roblems resulting from a more severe information gap between managers and shareholders, ceteris paribus. We consider two factors that limit corporate transparency to varying degrees across large public U.S. companies: (1) relatively uninformative financial accounting systems characterized by the ina
8、bility of firms GAAP earnings to explain changes in shareholder value in a timely fashion (low earnings timeliness) and, (2) firm complexity due to extensivegeographic and/or line of business diversification.Accountinginformationcanhaveasignificantimpactoneconomiclife.Realreliableaccountinginformati
9、onistheimportantbasisforcompaniestooperateday-to-daybusinessandmakecorrectdecisions,theimportantreferencefortheGovernmentstomakemacro-economicregulationandcontrol,thefavorableprotectionforthenormaloperationofmarketeconomy.AsChinasmarketeconomicsystemhasimprovedsteadily,theroleofaccountingisincreasin
10、glyimportantineconomy,itisthegreatestconcernandmustbeansweredbyaccountingprofessionthatwhetheraccountinginformationisusedtomakedecisionsforgovernment,investorsandotherusers.ButChinascurrentdisclosureofaccountinginformationshouldnotbeoptimistic,kindsofdisclosureproblemsoftenoccursuchasexcessivedisclo
11、sureofaccountinginformation,inadequatedisclosure,untruedisclosure,untimelydisclosure,abnormaldisclosure,etc.Theseproblemsseriouslyaffectscorrectdecision-makingoftheinformationusers,disruptsthedistributionofsocialresources.With respect to monitoring technology, we conjecture that inherent limitations
12、 ofirms information systems in generating information relevant for monitoringmanagerial behavior influence governance structure formation by affecting the costbenefit trade-off underlying governance mechanism configurations. Financialaccounting systems are a logical starting point for investigating
13、properties ofinformation systems important for addressing moral hazard problems. Auditedfinancial statements prepared under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) produce extensive, credible, low cost information that forms the foundation of the firm-specific information set available for a
14、ddressing agency problems. Inmonitoring top managers, boards and outside investors cannot simply rely on stockprice changes to provide necessary information about the source of changes to firmvalue. For example, agency models generally imply that managers should be held. accountable for controllable
15、 events and not uncontrollable events, while stock returns aggregate the implications of all events. The accounting system facilitates boards efforts to separate controllable from uncontrollable events. As an illustration, managers often submit budgets to the board and then make periodic reports exp
16、laining variances from budget, presumably aiding boards in separating controllable from uncontrollable events (e.g., Zimmerman, 2002, Chapter 6)Measuring governance value of accounting numbers We conjecture that the extent to which current accounting numbers capture theinfor mation set underlying cu
17、rrent changes in value (i.e., earnings timeliness, asdefined in our study) is a fundamental determinant of their governance value todirectors and in vestors. Directors monitor managerial and firm performance, ratify managerial decisions, provide managerial incentives, and aid in strategic planningac
18、tivities (e.g., strategy development, succession planning). To carry out these duties, directors demand information to help them understand both how and why equity values are changing. For example, the detailed accounting system facilitates boards efforts to separate controllable from uncontrollable
19、 events to aid in the managerial evaluation process. Outside investors and financial analysts who monitor firm and managerial performance also demand such information. Stock prices provideinformation about overall changes in equity value. Accounting systems, by collecting and summarizing the financi
20、al effects of firms investment, operating, and financing activities, convey information about the underlying sources of changes in equity value. Earnings timeliness measures the extent to which current earnings capture the information set underlying contemporaneous changes in stock price. However, w
21、e acknowledge that the nature of this measure raises conceptual issues about our hypothesis that earnings timeliness is a determinant of governance choices. In particular, if stock prices efficiently reflect all information available to marketparticipants, is not theinfor mation also availableto res
22、idual claimants and theboard? And if so, why would firms need costly monitoring mechanisms or specificknowledge gathering to substitute for low earnings timeliness? Why not just use stock price directly, or simply extract the information included in stock price? We draw on economic theory to address
23、 these questions in support of our hypotheses.The detailed information set reflected in stock price is not freely available to the board and residual claimants. Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) demonstrate that fullyrevealing stock prices are incompatible with costly information collection activities of
24、 investors. In an equilibrium where private information collection and processing activities are costly, prices cannot be fully revealing. This implies that boards and others cannot extract the underlying information from price.However, one could argue that even if prices are not invertible back to
25、the markets underlying information set, managers and directors have direct access to all this information. Is this the case? Research documents a significant relation betweenchanges in stock price and subsequent investment decisions (e.g., Morck et al., 1990; Baker et al., 2001). One potential expla
26、nation for this is that stock pricecommunicates new information to a firms managers that is then incorporated into investment decision (see Morck et al., 1990 for a discussion of competing hypotheses).4 But, even if a firms managers know the entire information set, thisdoes not imply that the board
27、of directors knows it, and so board structure mayrespond to low earnings timeliness as the board seeks to close the information gap between them and top management.5 In addition, even if the board knows the entire information set, it is not necessarily the case that residual claimholders know it, an
28、d so costly monitoring activities may respond to low earnings timeliness as residual claimholders attempt to compensate for the information gap between them and both the firms executives and board of directors. Finally, stock price formation is a complex process and the aggregated nature of informat
29、ion impounded in price potentially limits its governance usefulness (e.g., Paul, 1992). As a result, utilizing stock price as a substitute information source forpoor accounting numbers is likely to involve substantial error and to require extensive sophistication, knowledge, and effort on the part o
30、f board members. Thus, consistent with our hypotheses, costly governance mechanisms characterized by strong equity-based incentives for outside shareholders, directors, and executives, as well as a relatively knowledgeable, capable, and highly motivated board are likely demanded when earnings timeli
31、ness is low. more useful, earnings information is actually superfluous? The answer is no. While stock price changes provide overall information about changes in firm value, information from the accounting system aids directors and investors in understandingthe source of changes in firm value. For ex
32、ample, stock price changescommingle events under the control of managers with events that are not, while agency theory counsels that managers should be held accountable for controllable events and not uncontrollable events. The accounting system facilitates boards efforts to separate controllable fr
33、om uncontrollable events through analysis of budget variances and other techniques. Thus, even if disaggregated accountinginformation explained 100% of the variance in returns, accounting would not be superfluous to governance as stock price is not a sufficient statistic for the deta. Issues of reve
34、rse causalityWhile accounting information systems per se may directly influence governancechoices, we must acknowledge the possibility that governance structures also influence the properties of accounting numbers through accounting policy choices and earnings management activities.27 One econometri
35、c solution to this question would involve using an instrumental variable technique. This, however, does not appear to be a fruitful approach in this case, as it is not obvious what to use as areasonable instrument. only a small amount of thecrosssectionalvariation in earnings timeliness is explained
36、 by a wide range of firm characteristics. While we could use any or all of these variables as an instrument (e.g., two-stage least square), it would result in throwing out over 95% of the crosssectional variation in timeliness (recall that the explanatory power of the earnings timeliness models usin
37、g various firm characteristics .While we cannot definitively rule out reverse causality, we note that our timelinessmetrics are based on core earnings, defined as earnings before special items, extraordinary items and discontinued operations. While it is of course possible to manipulate core earning
38、s, the focus on core earnings excludes discretionary accruals within special items, extraordinary items and discontinued operations, which are arguably outlets for earnings management activity.Further, it is not clear how much discretion managers have over earningstimeliness. range of important firm
39、 characteristics. Even if executives were significantly manipulating earnings, it is not clear if this would impact earnings timeliness. If marginal sophisticated investors see through earnings management, then earnings management unlikely impacts timeliness. In this instance, our timeliness composi
40、te; could also be impacted if earnings management introducesnoise in earnings. If they are being fooled, then earnings management could increasee arnings timeliness as investors are fooled into thinking that current earnings are more informative than they really are. In the end, it is not clear how
41、or if earnings management impacts earnings/returns relations estimated over long time periods.Summary and implicationsThis paper investigates how ownership concentration, equity incentives of directors, executive compensation and board structure vary with inherent limitationsof firms information sys
42、tems and with firms organizational complexity. We adopt the perspective that observed governance structures represent optimal contracting arrangements endogenously determined by firms contracting environments. We proxy for the intrinsic governance usefulness of accounting information with earnings t
43、imeliness, defined as the extent to which current accounting earnings incorporate current economic income or value-relevant information. We empirically document that only a small portion of the cross-sectional variation in earnings timeliness can be explained by firms growth opportunities, return vo
44、latility, size, industry and geographic diversification, and past performance. Our inability to explain the cross-sectional variation in earnings timeliness is consistent with the idea that timeliness is distinct from other fundamental firm characteristics. Most existing research into the stewardshi
45、prelevance and research into the value relevance of accounting have proceeded independently. We explore whether the relative importance of accounting numbers in equity valuation appears to matter in the determination of corporategovernance systems of large public companies in the U.S. Although causa
46、l inferences are problematic, associations between measures of the usefulness of accounting numbers in valuation and governance structures are a necessary (although not sufficient) condition for concluding that governance structures are influenced by the limitations of accounting numbers for valuati
47、on purposesFinally, our evidence supports the notion that the firm-specific timeliness metrics capture meaningful differences across large public U.S. companies in the information properties of accounting numbers. This provides a basis for using such firm-specific metrics to investigate other econom
48、ic consequences of the information properties of accounting, such as voluntary disclosures, corporate signaling, analyst activity, corporate investment decisions, financing choices, and the cost of debt and equity capital.Source : Robert Bushman,Qi Chen.Financial accounting information, organization
49、al complexity and corporate governance systemsJ.Journal of Accounting & Economics,2004,37(2) 译文：财务会计信息与公司治理结构的关系摘要我们要增加公司治理制度所要求的透明度，以减轻道德风险问题。因此我们就有必要研究会计信息系统与公司治理之间的关系，会计信息质量优劣会影响公司治理好坏且会计信息系统对公司治理具有反作用。在目前的社会中，会计信息失真现象屡见不鲜。要完善公司治理，以提高会计信息质量迫在眉睫。在本文中本人解释什么是公司治理与会计信息质量。然后，我会尽量分析公司治理缺陷对会计信息质量的影响。介绍在美国和其他国家的法律保护下, 股东具有较全面的了解公司的经营操作和活动空间
