《托福阅读强化课讲义版本.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《托福阅读强化课讲义版本.doc（79页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、托福强化阅读电子讲义托福阅读强化课程第一章考试概述一、考试规则机考界面一、考试规则几个数字：20分钟/篇750-800字/篇12-14道题/篇3篇或4篇一、考试规则文章内容：生命科学类天文地理类欧美历史类文艺发明类社会学心理学考古学一、考试规则注意问题：你能连续屏幕阅读1小时以上吗？你能达到110字/分钟阅读速度吗？您能做到平均1分钟完成1道题目吗？速度优先还是准确度优先？二答题顺序第一步：浏览标题第二步：阅读第一段全部题干第三步：阅读第一段文章第四步：完成第一段全部问题第五步：简要笔记第一段主旨第六步：逐段答题，重复上述步骤第七步：利用各段主旨笔记完成最后大题第二章题型精讲综览Vocabul
2、ary Question 3-5Reference Question 0-2十大题型考察能力综览Vocabulary Question 3-5Reference Question 0-2Sentence Simplification Question 0-1Insert Text Question 0-1十大题型考察能力综览Vocabulary Question 3-5Reference Question 0-2Sentence Simplification Question 0-1Insert Text Question 0-1Factual Information Question 3-6
3、Negative Factual Information Question 0-2Inference Question 0-2Rhetorical Purpose Question 0-2十大题型考察能力综览Vocabulary Question 3-5Reference Question 0-2Sentence Simplification Question 0-1Insert Text Question 0-1Factual Information Question 3-6Negative Factual Information Question 0-2Inference Question
4、 0-2Rhetorical Purpose Question 0-2Prose summary Question 0-1Fill in a table 0-1十大题型考察能力 综览 Vocabulary Question 3-5 Reference Question 0-2 Sentence Simplification Question 0-1 Insert Text Question 0-1 Factual Information Question 3-6 Negative Factual Information Question 0-2 Inference Question 0-2 R
5、hetorical Purpose Question 0-2 Prose summary Question 0-1 Fill in a table 0-1 1 词汇题 1.1 题目识别 The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to 1 词汇题 1.2 答题步骤 第一步：认识单词直接选 第二步：如为生词读原文 第三步：根据上下文含义推测含义 第四步：少量单词可由词根验证答案 1 词汇题 1.3 基本思路 1.31 论点对论据 TS+D 1 Commensal associations sometimes involve one specie
6、s obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning to Indefensibly Substantially Unintentionally Partially 1.31 论点对论据 TS+D 标志词： For exa
7、mple For instance Take for example Evidences come from Like / As 1.32 前后搭配 2 Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income. The word meager in the passage is closest in meaning very necessary very low tr
8、aditional primary 1.32 前后搭配 3 But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. The word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning to Compromise Inclination Tradition Respect 1.32 前后搭配 基本模式：Adj. + N. Vt. + O. Adv. + Vt. / Adj. 1.33 并列
9、逻辑 4 Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. The word “foul” in the passage is closest in meaning to Reach Flood Pollute Alter 1.33 并列逻辑 5 At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This i
10、s particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. The word attain in the passage is closest in meaning to require resist achieve endure 1.33 并列逻辑 标志词： and or as
11、 well as not only ， but also some ， other ， ； 1.34 顺承呼应 6 Several other mass extinctions in the geological record have been tentatively identified with large impacts, but none is so dramatic as the Cretaceous event. But even without such specific documentation The phrase tentatively identified in th
12、e passage is closest in the meaning to Identified after careful study Identified without certainty Occasionally identified Easily identified 1.34 顺承呼应 7 Transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, tre
13、es disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. The word “dramatic” in the passage is closest in meaning to Gradual Complex Visible Striking 1.34 顺承呼应 模式： 1)前后重复：that is / which means 2)条件和结果： if ， then / if，would 3)铺垫和引出： A, and B ; A, then B 1.35 因果逻辑 8 Hydroponics
14、has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. The word facilitates in the passage is closest in meaning to slows down affects makes easier focuses on 1.35 因果逻辑 9 In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Stra
15、ta of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today The word meticulously in the passage is closest in meaning to carefully quickly frequently obviously 1.35 因果逻辑 标志词： Due to / Given by / Since / derive from / stem from Therefore / So / He
16、nce / follows Enough to / too to / So that 1.36 反向逻辑 10 The Jovian planets have very thick atmospheres consisting of varying amounts of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia. By comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres at best. The word meager in the passage is closest in meaning
17、 to rich thin unique complex 1.36 反向逻辑 11 Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. The word “integral” is closet in meaning to Essential Variable Practical I
18、ndependent 1.36 反向逻辑 标志词： 1）让步： Even / Although / Despite 2）转折： But / Yet / However 3）对比： Whereas / While / In contrast / On the other hand 1.37词根词缀 12 The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl
19、s “American Indians in the Pacific” theories. The word undisputed in the passage is closest in meaning to mysterious unexpected acknowledged significant 1.37词根词缀 13 The word “incredible” in the passage is closest in meaning to Confusing Comforting Unbelievable Interesting 1.37词根词缀 14 The word “overl
20、ie” in the passage is closest in meaning to Cover Change Separate Surround 1.37词根词缀 15. The word interlocked in the passage is closest in meaning to intermediate linked frozen fully developed 1.37词根词缀 词根前缀后缀 1.4 综合练习 16 Watercolor is the most light-filled of all ways of painting, but its luminosity
21、depends on the white of the paper shining through thin washes of pigment. A beauty B visibility C color D brightness 1.4 综合练习 16 Watercolor is the most light-filled of all ways of painting, but its luminosity depends on the white of the paper shining through thin washes of pigment. A beauty B visibi
22、lity C color D brightness 1.4 综合练习 17 Most TV sets come with remote controls. They use infrared technology. Infrared is imperceptible, whereas the light from the TV screen is visible. A touchable B treatable C believable D invisible 1.4 综合练习 17 Most TV sets come with remote controls. They use infrar
23、ed technology. Infrared is imperceptible, whereas the light from the TV screen is visible. A touchable B treatable C believable D invisible 1.4 综合练习 18 The mantle of the earth is 2900 kilometers thick and encompasses about 84 percent of the total volume of the Earth. A contains B searches C encircle
24、s D directs 1.4 综合练习 18 The mantle of the earth is 2900 kilometers thick and encompasses about 84 percent of the total volume of the Earth. A contains B searches C encircles D directs 1.4 综合练习 19 Many of these implications make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions
25、about the focus of previous studies. A defects B advantages C suggestions D controversies 1.4 综合练习 19 Many of these implications make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. A defects B advantages C suggestions D controversies 2 指代
26、题 2.1 题目识别 The word X in the passage refers to X = pron. or 名词概念 2 指代题 2.2 答题步骤 第一步：阅读代词所在句及前一句 第二步：关注其中名词概念 第三步：套用指代模式确定被指代对象 第四步：代入上下文验证答案 2 指代题 2.3 基本思路 2.31 同位指代 1 As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more
27、 exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. The word they in the passage refers to valleys trees heights ridges 2.31 同位指代 2 Such an external cue not only coordinates an animals daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also-because it normally does so day afte
28、r day-seems to keep the internal clocks period close to that of Earths rotation. The word it in the passage refers to an external cue such as sunrise the daily rhythm of an animal the local solar day a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours 2.31 同位指代 3 Some species, for example, begin by dropping
29、the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. The word “Others” in the paragraph ref
30、er to ( ) ducks sides species flight feathers 2.31 同位指代 变形模式：some X , other X one X, another X many / most / much X, other X 2.32 最相邻指代 4 For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water wa
31、s always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash , that was deposited as the flow slowed down. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to Fast rivers Glaciers The huge volumes of water created by glacial melting The particles carried in water from melting glaciers.
32、2.32 最相邻指代 5 The myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity. The word “this” in the
33、passage refers to The acting out of rites The divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society The separation of myths from rites The celebration of supernatural forces 2.32 最相邻指代 何种情形代词常指代最相邻概念？ 1 相邻感强的代词：this / these / its / theirs 2 指代前方整体的代词：this / that / which 3 为前方概念的同位解释或别称： Y , (refers
34、to/means/that is) X 2.33 连环指代 6 African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence, their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments
35、of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. The word “them” in this paragraph refers to ( ) A. American of European descent B. paintings C. African American artists D. attitudes 2.33 连环指代 6 African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves
36、and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence, their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. The word “them” in this paragraph refers to ( ) A. Ameri
37、can of European descent B. paintings C. African American artists D. attitudes 2.34 抽象指代具体 7 Paragraph 3: While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modem archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger proble
38、ms in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. The phrase “Th
39、e likely explanation in the passage refers to the explanation for why the southern Maya areas received more rainfall than the northern areas modern archaeologists have difficulty understanding ancient droughts water problems were most severe in the wet south land surface in the south is so high abov
40、e the water table 2.34 抽象指代具体 8 Paragraph 3: While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modem archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explan
41、ation is that Likely explanation = Why it has made things hard for modern archaeologists to understand Or = Why ancient drought caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north 2.34 抽象指代具体 8 The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula
42、, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. Likely explanation = Why it has made things hard for modern archaeologists to understand Or = Why ancient drought caused bigger problems in the wet south
43、 than in the dry north 2.34 抽象指代具体 8 The phrase “The likely explanation in the passage refers to the explanation for why the southern Maya areas received more rainfall than the northern areas modern archaeologists have difficulty understanding ancient droughts water problems were most severe in the wet south land surface in the south is so high above the water table 2.35 语法指代 9 When growing on rock surfaces, lichens secrete acids that dissolve the minerals, contributing to
