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1、关于井下电子压力计的现状和应用The downhole electronic pressure gauge status and application in English 摘要：电子压力计是广泛应用于测量和记录油气田地层中的油、气、水等介质的压力及温度值的电子设备，也是一种具有高实时性，高精确度、高分辨率“三高”特征的井场压力及温度测试装置。本文从电子压力计的原理和应用现状入手，阐述了压力计在井下测试过程中经常出现的失效形式，同时简单的分析了导致电子压力计失效的原因和主要影响因素，并进行了系统的总结，提出了具有针对性的改进方法和失效预防措施。Abstract: the electronic
2、 pressure gauge is widely applied to measure and record the oil and gas formation in the oil, gas, water and other medium pressure and temperature values of the electronic equipment, is also a kind of high real time, high accuracy, high resolution 3 tall characteristic of well pressure and temperatu
3、re testing device. This article from the electronic pressure gauge principle and application present situation, elaborated the pressure gauge in the downhole testing process that often appear in the form of failure, and simply analyzes the causes of the electronic pressure gauge failure reason and t
4、he main influence factors, and the systematic summary, put forward targeted improvement method and failure prevention measures.关键词：电子压力计；原理；应用现状；失效形式；影响因素；预防措施Key words: electronic pressure gauge; principle; application status; failure mode; influencing factors; preventive measures1、 前言1, preface在油田
5、勘探和开发过程中，油气田地层的压力及温度的测试和监控是试油、试采工作的重要任务，也是制定井场生产制度、确定井场产量及标定完井情况的数据基石，因此为了正确评价矿藏地层的油气当量，及时精确地测量含油、含气层的压力及温度值具有非常重要的现实意义。压力计和温度计是测试过程使用的主要仪器设备，而其发展也经历了从最初的低精度、单一品种的纯机械式结构到复杂的电子式结构的变革。随着电子电工技术的迅猛发展，具有高精度、高灵敏度、高集成性能的电子压力计如雨后春笋。目前，全国各大油田应用较为广泛的电子压力计多达数十种，而由于压力计的生产厂家众多、型号繁杂、仪器电池检测、识别和操作方式的不同，在使用过程中很容易造成混
6、淆。另外，在矿藏层油气的勘探和开发生产过程中，由于电子压力计长期工作在恶劣环境之中，再加之仪器的选型不当、部件的性能不可靠及人为的操作失误都能造成电子压力计使用过程中的失效，甚至导致试采工艺的失败。因此对影响井下电子压力计失效的主要因素进行分析和预防具有非常重要的现实意义。In the exploration and development of oil and gas field formation process, the pressure and temperature testing and monitoring oil test, production test is a impor
7、tant task, but also the development of field production system, to determine the location of completions yield and calibration data base, so in order to correct evaluation of mineral formation of oil gas equivalent, timely and accurate measurement of oil, including the gas pressure and temperature v
8、alue is a very important practical significance. Pressure gauge and thermometer is testing process using the apparatus and equipment, and its development has experienced from the initial low precision, a single species of purely mechanical structure to a complex electronic structure change. With the
9、 rapid development of electronic technology, with high precision, high sensitivity, high integration and performance of electronic pressure gauge such as bamboo shoots after a spring rain. At present, the major oil fields more extensive application of electronic pressure gauge dozens, and as a resul
10、t of pressure gauge manufacturers, models, many complicated instrument battery detection, identification and the different mode of operation, in the use of the process is easy to cause confusion. In addition, mineral layer in oil and gas exploration and development in the production process, because
11、 the electronic pressure gauge long-term work in harsh environment, coupled with the apparatus of the improper selection, parts of the unreliable performance and human error can cause the electronic pressure gauge used in the process of failure, and even lead to the failure of production technology.
12、 So the influence of downhole electronic pressure gauge is the main factors of failure analysis and prevention has very important practical significance.2、工作原理及性能指标In 2, working principle and performance indexes2.1、工作原理2.1, work principle电子压力计是一种主要用于油气田矿层压力和温度值测量的高精密的电子仪器。其核心部件是压力传感器和温度传感器，由于压力计的工作环
13、境恶劣多变，因此感应元件的制作需要选用符合深层井下作业的耐高温、高压的特殊材料以确保电子电压计的精确度和可靠性。根据压力传感器和温度传感器的应变电桥原理，压力计的振荡电路在井下地层压力和温度的共同影响作用下，将被测矿层的压力值、温度值转化为电路系统识别电阻值及电压值，并由振荡电路整频转换为计算机识别的电流频率值信号，再经软件校正处理，折算成测试人员需要的井下压力和温度数据。从以上的构成原理可见，电子压力计的核心回路共包含两个测量电路：压力测量电路和温度测量电路。Electronic pressure gauge is mainly used for oil and gas field seam
14、 pressure and temperature measurement with high precision electronic equipment. The core part is a pressure sensor and a temperature sensor, the pressure gauge of the abominable working environment is changeable, so the sensing element to make choice with deep underground work of resistance to high
15、temperature, high pressure and special materials to ensure the accuracy and reliability of electronic voltage meter. According to the pressure sensor and the temperature sensor and strain gauge bridge principle, the oscillation circuit in a downhole formation pressure and temperature influence the c
16、ommon role, will be tested seam pressure value, temperature value into the circuit system identification the resistance value and a voltage value, and is composed of an oscillating circuit of frequency conversion for computer recognition of the current value of frequency signal, then software correc
17、tion processing, conversion to testers need to downhole pressure and temperature data. From the above principle the visible, electronic pressure meter core loop contains a total of two measuring circuit: pressure measuring circuit and a temperature measuring circuit.2.2、性能技术指标In 2.2, the technical p
18、erformance parameters电子压力计具有高灵敏度、高精确度、高可靠性的特点，其性能技术指标如下：Electronic pressure gauge with high sensitivity, high accuracy, high reliability characteristics, its technical performance indicators are as follows:2.2.1、精确度2.2.1, precision在压力计无误差时的理想状态下，压力计标准曲线应为一次曲线，但是由于受到地层中诸多因素的影响，压力计的实际图谱走线为二次或三次曲线。正常工作
19、状态下，压力计测量允许的精确度误差为4psi。On the pressure gauge without error when the ideal state, pressure gauge standard curve is a curve, but due to the formation of many factors, the actual map pressure gauge wire for the two or three time curve. Under the normal working state, the pressure gauge measurements all
20、ow the precision error of 4psi.2.2.2、迟滞性2.2.2, hysteresis迟滞性指的是压力计在测量过程中从正反两个方向接近同一目标测量值时所显示数据的最大差值，迟滞性误差与压力计传感器使用的材料、制造安装水平及使用环境有很大关系。正常工作状态下，压力计允许的迟滞性测量误差为2psi。Hysteresis refers to the pressure gauge in the measurement process from two directions of front and back to the same target measurement da
21、ta displayed maximum difference, hysteresis error and pressure sensor using materials, manufacture and installation of the level and the use of the environment has the very big relations. Under the normal working state, the pressure gauge allows the hysteresis error of 2psi.2.2.3、重复性2.2.3, repetitiv
22、e重复性误差是指压力计在全测量范围内和同一工作条件下,同一操作者从同方向对同一输入压力值进行多次连续测量所获得的随机误差，重复性误差与压力计使用的地层环境及传感器材料有关。正常工作状态下，压力计允许的重复性测量误差为3psi。Repeatability error refers to the pressure gauge in the measurement range and the same working conditions, the same operator from the same direction in the same input pressure of multiple
23、 continuous measurement of the random error, repeatability and pressure gauge using the formation environment and sensor material. Under normal working condition, pressure gauge allows the reproducibility of the measurement error of 3psi.2.2.4、分辨率2.2.4, resolution分辨率指的是当测量的目标压力值变化时，压力计所能识别的最小输入量的变化值
24、。正常工作状态下，压力计分辨率为0.02psi。Resolution refers to when measuring the target pressure value changes, the pressure gauge can identify the minimum input variation value. Under the normal working state, the pressure gauge resolution of 0.02psi.3、 电子压力计的应用现状3, the application of electronic pressure gauge3.1、电
25、子压力计的分类In 3.1, the classification of electronic pressure gauge电子压力计按照试井、测井工艺可分为地面直读式电子压力计、井下存储式电子压力计及新型直读式电子压力计。Electronic pressure gauge with well testing, well logging technology can be divided into surface direct-reading electronic pressure gauge, underground storage electronic pressure meter and
26、 a new type of direct-reading electronic pressure gauge.3.1.1、地面直读式电子压力计3.1.1, surface direct-reading electronic pressure gauge地面直读式压力计是指采用地面直读测试技术将电子压力计随同测井工具一共投入被测井中，之后从井口下入信号电缆进行对接，电子压力计将被测矿层的压力及温度的变化通过信号电缆传输到地面的计算机系统，在计算机上通过操作软件显示、读出并实时的对被测矿层的数据进行处理和分析。Ground pressure gauge refers to the use of
27、the direct reading test technology will be the electronic pressure gauge with total investment was logging logging tool, then from the wellhead into the signal cable for docking, electronic pressure gauge will be measured seam pressure and temperature changes through the cable signal transmission to
28、 the ground computer system, through the computer software display, read and real time measured on the seam data processing and analysis.3.1.2、井下存储式电子压力计3.1.2, underground storage electronic pressure meter井下存储式压力计是指采用井下存储测试技术将由单片机系统组成的存储记录仪及供电电池与电子压力计进行捆绑集成，并随同测试工具投入被测井，存储记录仪的单片机系统按照预先设定的采集存储程序将电子压力
29、计感应到的矿层中压力及温度的变化存储在存储器中，测试任务结束后，将电子压力计从井口取出，并与计算机相连，系统将按照预定的操作程序将记录仪中存储的压力及温度数据进行回放。Underground storage type pressure gauge refers to the use of underground storage testing technology will be composed of a single-chip system memory recorder and power battery and the electronic pressure gauge bundle
30、integrated, and with the test tool is logging, memory recorder singlechip system according to the preset collection stored program electronic pressure gauge for induction into the seam pressure and temperature changes are stored in the memory, the test task finished, the electronic pressure gauge fr
31、om the wellhead is taken out, and is connected with the computer, the system will according to a predetermined operating program stored in the pressure and temperature recorder data playback.3.2、电子压力计的失效In 3.2, the failure of the electronic pressure gauge由于电子压力计需要长期在高压、高温等恶劣的地质工况下使用，加之其组成部件本身容易老化，这些
32、外部因素及内部因素都可以导致压力计的测量误差。而试油、试采工艺对压力计的精度、分辨率及稳定性等技术参数都有较高的要求，因此使用过程中较大的测量误差就会使压力计的测量值严重的偏离实际值，从而导致了电子压力计的失效。压力计在使用过程中导致失效的原因主要有以下几种：Because the electronic pressure gauge in the high pressure, high temperature, need long-term poor geological conditions, coupled with its component itself is easy to agin
33、g, these external factors and internal factors can all lead to errors in the measurement of pressure gauge. While the oil test, production technology for pressure gauge the accuracy, resolution and stability of technical parameters have higher requirements, therefore in the process of using large me
34、asurement error will make the pressure meter serious deviate from the actual value, which led to the failure of the electronic pressure gauge. Pressure gauge in the use of the process leading to the failure reason mainly has following several:（1）、性能不稳定( 1), unstable performance电子压力计的核心部件是压力传感器、温度传感器
35、、微处理器、存储器；主要构成电路为：信号放大电路、数据转换电路、振荡电路。这些电子元件及电路都会在剧烈震动的情况下导致电子压力计的失效。Electronic pressure gauge is the core component of the pressure sensor, temperature sensor, microprocessor, memory; main circuit : signal amplifying circuit, a data conversion circuit, oscillating circuit. These electronic component
36、s and circuit will be in the rattling of the circumstances leading to the failure of the electronic pressure gauge.（2） 、测量数据紊乱( 2), measuring data disorder电子压力计数据接口操作软件的不成熟及电路的内置电池能量不足都会导致压力计采集的压力及温度数据与测试时间的非对应性关系，这种况且称之为电子压力计的数据紊乱。Electronic pressure gauge data interface software is not mature and
37、circuit of the built-in battery energy deficiency will cause pressure gauge pressure and temperature data acquisition and the testing time of the non corresponding relationship between, this and called electronic pressure gauge data disorder.（3） 、非点( 3), a point电子压力计的另外一种失效形式是非点，指的是压力计所采集的数据即温度值、压力值
38、严重失真，大幅度偏离正常值，导致压力计测量曲线的扭曲变形。在实际测试过程中，共有2种非点形式：一种是可以通过修正、删除部分失真点而获得正常测试曲线的少数非点；另一种是无法通过修改、删点等技术手段祛除影响而恢复正常测试曲线的非点。前一种非点我们可以称之为采点偏差，而后一种情况我们称之为电子压力计的非点失效。The electronic pressure gauge and a failure is not little, mean pressure data of temperature, pressure, a serious distortion, significant deviation
39、s from normal values, resulting in pressure gauge measuring curve deformation. In the course of testing, a total of 2 kinds of non point form : one is through the amendment, delete some distortion point and obtain the normal test curve of a non point; another kind is unable to modify, delete and oth
40、er technical means to eliminate the influence of point and resume normal test curve of non point. Before a point known as sampling bias, latter known as electronic pressure gauge non point of failure.（4） 、数据未写入或未采全( 4), data is not written or not full支配电子压力计数据处理的核心部件是带有固定储存容量的的微处理器，因而在对压力计的硬件进行编程时，必
41、须合理的设置计数器的时序，并要综合考虑寄存器的储存容量，使系统在计划的采集时间内能够按序的读写，同时要确保数据的存入数量，防止溢出，避免造成测试的失败。Disposable electronic pressure gauge data processing is the core component of a fixed storage capacity of the microprocessor, so on the pressure gauge hardware programming, must reasonable setting counter timing, and to cons
42、ider a comprehensive register storage capacity, make the system at the gathering time can in order to read and write, and at the same time to ensure that the data stored in the quantity, to prevent overflow, avoid the test failure.(5) 、超量程( 5), measuring range超量程使用是导致电子压力计失效的又一原因，如果在测试前没有选择好适合被测井段工况
43、的压力计，有可能在测试深井的过程中造成传感器的损坏而导致电子压力计的失效。Over range use is the leading cause of electronic pressure gauge and a cause of failure before the test, if not a good choice for the log segment working pressure gauge, likely in the test of deep process causes the sensor to damage caused by the failure of the e
44、lectronic pressure gauge.(6) 、电池钝化( 6), battery passivation电子压力计的供电装置通常为高温锂电池，而在出厂前为了防止电池的自然放电要在其特性表面形成一层钝化保护膜，而锂电池的这种特性会导致其在低温段电压不稳定，测量井下数据时容易造成采点异常，甚至会出现不可修复的非点失效和数据紊乱。Power supply device for electronic pressure gauge is usually high temperature lithium battery, while in the factory in order to pr
45、event the battery discharge to nature in its properties surface to form a layer of passivation protective membrane, and lithium batteries, this can result in low voltage instability, measuring downhole data easily made into mining abnormal, can appear even irreparable non point failure and disorder
46、data.(7) 、泄露( 7), leakage从技术上分析，泄露是导致电子压力计失效的主要因素。实际应用过程中井下压力计有三处容易出现泄露现象：首先是传感器的导压点附近；其次是密封核心电路板的密封仓；第三处是仪器与测井钢缆连接的部分。导压点附近的密封主要由制造工艺来保证，通常在高精度的机床加工中心，通过精心设计结构参数，能保证在导压点附近承受井下的高压而不漏水；密封仓采用的是O型圈密封技术，同样高精度的机械加工，能够保证压力计的深井耐压能力；仪器与钢缆连接部分是最容易引起泄露的地方。在安装过程中仪器与钢缆的连接，我们通常称之为“铠装”。这一工艺过程必须保证以下几点：From a techn
47、ical analysis, leakage is the result of the main factors of failure of electronic pressure gauge. In the course of practical application of downhole pressure gauge three is prone to leakage phenomenon : the first is a sensor guide pressure near the point; followed by sealing the core circuit board c
48、hamber; third is the instrument and logging cable connection part. Pressure point near the primary seal by the manufacturing process to ensure that, usually in high precision machining center, through the elaborate design of structure parameters, can ensure the pressure near the downhole pressure be
49、aring without water leakage; sealing chamber is used in O type ring seal technology, high precision machining, can ensure the pressure meter deep well pressure capability; instruments and cable connection part is most likely caused by leakage. During the installation process instrumentation and cable connections, often referred to as armored . This process must ensure that the following points:a、钢缆与仪器的信号连接必须是柔性连接，不承
