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1、 大学信息学院毕业设计（论文）文献翻译论文题目：水产养殖规范网站建设苗种选育规范及病害管理规范姓 名： 年 级： 学 号： 指导教师： 二九年五月Penaues vannamei Seedstock ProductionPenaeus vannamei originating in the waters of the Pacific coast of the Americas, mainly in northern Peru to the Gulf Coast to the distribution of the most concentrated along the coast of Ecu
2、ador. Penaeus vannamei with individual large, fast-growing, low nutritional needs, disease resistance and strong advantages of environmental factors on water ability to adapt to change, and low protein content of feed, the meat was as high as 65% from water survival the advantages of a long time, is
3、 the intensive breeding of fine varieties of high yield, but also the worlds three major aquaculture shrimp production in the highest single shrimp species. Vannamei shrimp shell thin on the body fat, delicious meat, meat with a high rate and rich nutrition. Vitality after harvest less resistance, s
4、o most of the frozen market.80s in the 20th century, the development of shrimp aquaculture industry given the aquaculture industry in our country to write a brilliant and greatly boosted the economic development of coastal areas and promote the development of the coastal areas of breeding, food prod
5、uction, processing and other related frozen the simultaneous development of the industry chain, the role it is indelible. However, entering the 90s, especially from 92 onwards, as the shrimp virus disease spread throughout the country, fish workers, at other times, they can not find a suitable respo
6、nse, resulting in injury shrimp culture industry, energy and economic slump. Therefore, aquaculture research workers on the one hand, hard shrimp virus disease, on the other hand, shrimp aquaculture industry to explore new alternative products, new economic growth points, and the culture of Penaeus
7、vannamei surface.Shrimp farming in southeast Asia is undergoing adramatic transformation. The main farmed species is rapidly switching from black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, to Pacific whiteleg shrimp, P. vannamei. This changeover started in Taiwan in the late 1990s with imported specific pathoge
8、n-free (SPF) P. vannamei broodstock from Hawaii, USA,moved to China, and is now in full swing in Thailand.It is driven by P. vannameis faster growth, higher yields, and lower production costs compared to recent results withP. monodon. The biological basis of this advantage is derived from the SPF an
9、d domestication status of the imported P. vannamei. In contrast, many P. monodon postlarvae are produced from wild-caught broodstock that can be contaminated with pathogens.Asian Nauplii ProductionMost procedures in Asian hatcheries producing P. vannamei seedstock are similar to those in the West. F
10、or example, Asian hatchery operators quickly adopted the use ofbloodworms for maturation diets. Most Asian hatcheries use live bloodworms gathered from local seashores.The bloodworms collected in temperate climates may have superior nutritional value for shrimp maturation when compared to bloodworms
11、 from tropical regions. In the West, bloodworms from Panama are not as productive as those from Maine, USA. In Asia, bloodworms from the Shanghai area of China, a temperate source, are reported to produce higher nauplii/spawn than bloodworms from Pattaya, a tropical area.An interesting innovation in
12、 P. vannamei nauplii production has evolved in Asia. In most P. vannamei hatcheries in the West, male and female broodstock are cultured together in maturation tanks. Natural mating occurs shortly before a mature female is ready to spawn. Around sunset daily, mated females are transferred from the m
13、aturation tank to spawning tanks before they spawn. During the night, the females spawn and are returned to the maturation tank the following morning.In Asia, most hatcheries keep the males and females in separate tanks. Mature females are transferred in the afternoon into all-male mating tanks, whe
14、re they quickly mate. After dark, the mated females are transferred to spawning tanks. Many Asian operators claim this method results in higher mating frequency than mixed-sex systems. Asian hatchery operators using 200 pairs of broodstock produce 3-4 million nauplii/day, with 10-15% of females mati
15、ng per night and 135,000-225,000 nauplii/spawn.Asian Larval RearingP. vannamei larval-rearing systems in Asia are typically small, entrepreneurial operations, as opposed to Western industrial-scale facilities. A typical Asian hatchery may produce 2-5 million PL/month. These small operators achieve g
16、reat efficiencies and can produce PL at very low costs.Asian operators use a variety of microalgae as shrimp larval diets, including Skeletonema, Chaetoceros, and other marine diatoms. While Artemia nauplii are used in mysis and PL stages, Asian hatcheries typically feed more artificial diets during
17、 larval rearing than Western hatcheries.Competition among hatcheries has encouraged farmers to demand larger PL, and most hatcheries sell PL8 or larger. One of the largest concentrations of shrimp hatcheries in the world is near Qinghai on Hainan Island in southern China. More than 500 hatcheries li
18、ne both sides of the road along the coast outside the city.These facilities range in size up to 1,000 mt tank volume. They look like typical Asian hatcheries, with a collection of 20- to 30-mt rectangular concrete tanks inside simple buildings. Some facilities produce nauplii only, and some produce
19、only PL, while some produce both stages. Over 1 billion P. vannamei PL/month are produced in Qinghai.Production ProblemsThe main problems for P. vannamei PL production in Asia occurs in the zoea stage of larval development. Zoea is the first larval stage dependent on outside feeding and digestion in
20、 the newly formed gut.The most common zoea problem, called zoea II or Z II syndrome, has plagued Western hatcheries and so is no surprise in Asia. In this syndrome, when the larvae metamorphose to stage zoea II, the gut is empty and the larvae never start feeding. Epithelial cells lining the gut are
21、 shed into thelumen, and the animals die before reaching zoea III. No single pathogen has been identified as the cause of the problem.Efforts to prevent zoea II usually include improved hygiene throughout the larval-rearing process. Improved algae quality using a serial dilution/batch culture method
22、 often helps. An elegant solution to the zoea II problem was described by Garriques et al in 1995.In it, a probiotic is developed at the hatchery facility. The probiotic is isolated from the local environment and cultured much like microalgae. Daily addition of the probiotic, with sugar as a nutrien
23、t, prevents the establishment of pathogenic bacterial strains by competitive exclusion.Another common cause of zoea mortality is metal contaminants in the water, which result in setae deformities at the zoea stage. Addition of 10 ppm EDTAto hatchery water eliminates this problem.Another cause of zoe
24、a problems is related to broodstock nutrition. During high rates of maturation, spawning, and rematuration, female spawners require very high levels of certain nutrients. High Health Aquaculture, an SPF P. vannamei broodstock and technology supplier to several large hatchery projects in Asia, showed
25、 that inadequate pigments in broodstock diets result in a pigment deficiency, which appears as a bleaching of ovarian color from red/orange to grey/white.At the zoea stage, the yolk of larvae from pigment-depleted spawners lacks color. The larvae have setal deformities and show low survival at zoea
26、II-III. This problem can be solved by pigment addition to the broodstock diet. Asimple method to add pigment is to topcoat squid with paprika.Seedstock PricesIn China, where P. vannamei farming developed in 1999 and has since gone through a boom and bust cycle (described below), prices during the sp
27、ring of 2003 were rock bottom at U.S. $0.50-1.50/1,000 PL. A three- to fourfold premium was paid for “Hawaii” stock PL, but there is widespread confusion about what is meant by “Hawaii” stock.In Thailand, P. vannamei nauplii were U.S. $0.15/1,000 in September. P. vannamei PL were U.S. $3.75-6.50/1,0
28、00, with the total Thai vannamei PL market reported at 3 billion PL/month. Head-on 20-g shrimp received U.S. $4.00/ kg at pond side, while 16-g animals got $3.00/kg and 12-g shrimp received $2.50/kg.Since then, pond-side prices for P. vannamei declined to about U.S. $2.50/kg for 20-g shrimp. PL pric
29、es also declined sharply, resulting from both lower shrimp prices and an increase in PL supply from abundant home-grown broodstock.Boom and BustHome-grown P. vannamei broodstock typically become available in Asian countries within one year of the first wave of SPF P. vannamei pond production. Widely
30、 available at lower costs than imported SPF broodstock, the homegrown animals result in huge quantities of nauplii and PL flooding the market. PL prices can plunge to U.S. $1.00/ 1,000 or less.Because the home-grown broodstock are inbred and not pathogen-free, their use results in increasing viral l
31、oads and other problems for the industry. This starts a virtual cycle of declining performance, which leads to cost-cutting efforts that pressure hatcheries to reduce costs, which forcesthem to buy cheaper local broodstock.This pattern first occurred in Taiwan, then in China, and is now happening in
32、 Thailand. In Thailand, it has been exacerbated by the governments ban on P. vannamei broodstock imports, which began in March 2003. The ban was intended to prevent the introduction of shrimp diseases to Thailand, but actually increased the volume of noncertified stocks smuggled into Thailand from C
33、hina and Taiwan, and infused the Thai industry with massive quantities of infected shrimp carrying White Spot Syndrome Virus and other viral pathogens.ConclusionDespite problems, the Asian shrimp industry has made tremendous strides in producing P. vannamei. In fact, their production success is thei
34、r biggest problem, because the massive production of P. vannamei in Asia is driving shrimp prices to their lowest levels in history.To overcome this problem, the industry must expand its markets and use sustainable production systems that are reliable, cause no environmental impacts, and produce hea
35、lthy, contaminant-free products. In the near term, introduction of SPF P. monodon could provide the industry with a new,fast-growing option that will allow Asian growers to produce 35- to 40-g shrimp in 120-day crops.南美白对虾苗种储备生产南美白对虾原产于美洲太平洋沿岸水域，主要分布秘鲁北部至墨西哥湾沿岸，以厄瓜多尔沿岸分布最为集中。南美白对虾具有个体大、生长快、营养需求低、抗病力
36、强等优点，对水环境因子变化的适应能力较强，对饲料蛋白含量要求低、出肉率高达65%以上、离水存活时间长等优点，是集约化高产养殖的优良品种，也是目前世界上三大养殖对虾中单产量最高的虾种。南美白对虾壳薄体肥，肉质鲜美，含肉率高，营养丰富。收成后其耐活力较差，所以大多是速冻上市的。在20世纪80年代，对虾养殖业的发展曾给我国的水产养殖业写下辉煌的一笔，极大地带动了沿海地区的经济发展，并带动了沿海地区育苗、饵料生产、冷藏加工等相关产业链的同步发展，它所起到的作用是不可磨灭的。可是，进入90年代，特别从92年起，由于对虾病毒病在全国各地的蔓延，水产工作者一时又找不出合适的对策，导致对虾养殖业大伤元气，经济
37、效益一落千丈。因此，水产工作者们一方面刻苦钻研对虾病毒病，另一方面探索对虾养殖业新的替代品种、新的经济增长点，于是南美白对虾的养殖浮出水面。养虾东南亚正在转变。主要养殖品种正在迅速转换黑虎虾，斑节对虾，太平洋美白对虾，第对虾。这种转换开始在台湾在1990年代后期与进口特定病原体（ SPF级） ，第对虾亲虾来自夏威夷，美国，转移到中国，并已全面展开在泰国。它是由南美白对虾的快速增长，更高的产量，并降低生产成本相比，最近的结果。斑节对虾。生物根据这一优势是来自SPF和驯化地位进口体育南美白。与此相反，许多体育斑节对虾仔是由野生亲鱼，可含有病原体。亚洲无节幼体生产大多数程序在亚洲南美白对虾养殖生产育
38、种类似西方。例如，亚洲孵化场经营者迅速通过使用成熟的饮食。大多数亚洲孵化场使用收集到当地海岸。收集的温带气候可能有优越的营养价值虾成熟相比，来自热带地区。在西方，从巴拿马没有成效是来自缅因州，美国。在亚洲，从上海地区的中国，一个温带来源，据报道，产生较高的无节幼体/产卵比由芭堤雅，热带地区。一个有趣的创新在南美白对虾无节幼体的生产已发展在亚洲。在大多数体育南美白对虾育苗场在西方，男性和女性亲鱼培养共同成熟坦克。自然交配前不久发生的一个成熟的女性准备产卵。大约每天日落，交配女性从成熟产卵坦克舱，然后产卵。在夜间，雌性产卵并返回成熟坦克第二天早晨。在亚洲，大多数孵化场保持男性和女性在不同的坦克。成
39、熟女性在下午转移到所有男性交配坦克，在那里他们很快队友。入夜后，雌性的交配被转移到产卵坦克。许多亚洲运营商声称此方法的结果在频率较高的交配比男女混合系统。亚洲孵化场经营者使用二零零对亲生产3-4万无节幼体/天，有10-15 的女性交配每晚和135,000-225,000无节幼体/产卵。亚洲苗种培育南美白对虾幼体养育系统在亚洲的通常是小的，企业运作，而不是西方的工业规模的设施。一个典型的亚洲孵化可能产生2-5万特等/月。这些小运营商实现伟大的效率和可产生特等在非常低的成本。亚洲运营商使用不同的微藻虾幼虫的饮食，包括骨条藻，角毛藻，和其他海洋硅藻。虽然卤虫无节幼体中使用糠虾和PL阶段，亚洲孵化场通
40、常更人工饲料饲料在苗种培育比西方孵化场。孵化场之间的竞争已鼓励农民需求较大的特等，大多数孵化场出售PL8或更大。其中一个最大的虾孵卵浓度在世界上已接近青海海南岛华南地区。 500多场线道路两旁的沿海岸以外的城市。这些设施的范围是：高达1,000吨坦克数量。他们看起来像典型的亚洲孵化场，并收集了20 - 30日，山内矩形混凝土坦克简单的建筑物。一些设施只能生产无节幼体，一些只生产特等，而一些生产这两个阶段。超过10亿体育南美白特等/月的生产在青海。生产问题存在的主要问题特等体育对虾生产在亚洲发生在海蟹幼虫阶段幼体发育。 海蟹幼虫是第一幼虫期依赖外部喂养和消化在新成立的肠道。最常见的海蟹幼虫问题，
41、呼吁海蟹幼虫二或Z二综合症，一直困扰着西方的孵化场，因此毫不奇怪在亚洲。在此综合征，当幼虫变态阶段海蟹幼虫二，肠道是空的，并没有开始幼虫取食。上皮细胞衬里肠道是下跌到管腔，以及动物前死亡海蟹幼虫三。没有一个单一的病原体已被确定为问题的原因。努力防止海蟹幼虫二通常包括改善个人卫生整个幼虫饲养进程。改进质量藻类利用连续稀释/分批培养方法常常帮助。优雅的解决海蟹幼虫第二的问题是所描述的嘉里克斯等人于1995年。在它的益生菌是发达国家在孵化设施。孤立的益生菌是从当地的环境和培养很像微藻。除了每天的益生菌，糖作为一种营养物质，阻止建立病原菌株的竞争排斥。另一个常见的原因海蟹幼虫死亡率金属污染物在水中，导
42、致毛畸形在海蟹幼虫阶段。此外的10百万分之1孵化水消除这个问题。另一个原因海蟹幼虫问题是亲鱼营养。在较高的成熟，产卵，并处理，女性产卵鱼要求非常高的某些营养素。高健康养殖业，一个的SPF南美白对虾亲虾体育和技术供应商，一些大型养殖项目，在亚洲，显示不够颜料亲鱼饮食导致色素缺乏，这似乎作为漂白卵巢颜色从红色/橙色灰色/白色。在海蟹幼虫阶段，幼虫从蛋黄色素枯竭产卵鱼缺乏色彩。幼虫有刚毛l畸形和查看低生存海蟹幼虫二，三。这个问题可以得到解决的色素除了亲虾饮食。 简单方法添加色素是面漆鱿鱼与辣椒。种子储备价格在我国，在体育南美白对虾养殖开发，并已在1999年以来经历了繁荣和衰退周期（见下文） ，价格在
43、2003年春季被谷底0.50-1.50美元/ 1,000特等。一个三到四倍支付的保费是“夏威夷”股票特等，但人们普遍混乱的含义是什么“夏威夷”的股票。在泰国，南美白对虾无节幼体为0.15美元/千9 。南美白特等万美元3.75-6.50 / 1000 ，总泰国对虾特等市场报三十零点零零零亿特等/月。迎头20克虾收到4.00美元/千克在池塘一边，而16克动物得到$ 3.00/kg和12克虾收到$ 2.50/kg 。自那时以来，池塘边的价格下降到南美白美元左右2.50/kg为20克虾。特等价格也急剧下降，造成双下肢虾价格和增加特等供应丰富土生土长亲鱼。繁荣与衰退土生土长的南美白对虾亲虾通常成为亚洲国
44、家提供的一年内完成第一批的SPF南美白对虾池塘生产。广泛使用以较低的成本比进口的SPF亲虾，本土动物造成大量的无节幼体和PL充斥市场。特等价格下跌至1.00美元/ 1000或更少。由于土生土长亲鱼的自交系和不病原体，其使用效果增加病毒负荷和其他问题的行业。这将启动一个虚拟的循环性能下降，从而导致削减成本的努力，压力场，以降低成本，这迫使他们购买便宜的地方亲鱼。这种模式第一次发生在台湾，然后在中国，现在正发生在泰国。在泰国，它加剧了该国政府禁止进口体育对虾亲虾，开始于2003年3月。这项禁令的目的是防止引进到泰国虾疾病，但实际上增加的数量股市走私到泰国的大陆和台湾，并注入了泰国工业与大量受感染的虾携带白斑综合征病毒和其他病毒性病原体。结论尽管有问题，亚洲虾行业已经取得了巨大进步生产体育南美白。事实上，其生产的成功就是他们最大的问题，因为大规模生产在亚洲体育南美白对虾价格正在推动的最低水平的历史。为克服这一问题，业界必须扩大其市场和使用可持续的生产系统，可靠，不会造成对环境的影响，并产生健康，无污染的产品。在近期内，采用SPF级体育斑节对虾可以提供业界一个新的，快速增长的办法，使亚洲种植者生产35 - 40克虾在120天的作物。
