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1、EPITHELIAL TISSUE andCONNECTIVE TISSUE（review）He shaojian（何少健）,Constitution of human body from macroscopy to microscopy,human body,systems,organs,tissues,cells and intercellularmaterials,subcellularstructures,molecules,atoms,neutronproton,EPITHELIAL TISSUE,*Covering Epithelium,SimpleEpith.,Simple Sq
2、uamous Epith.Simple Cuboidal Epith.Simple Columnar Epith.Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epith.,StratifiedEpith.,Stratified Squamous Epith.Stratified Columnar Epith.Transitional Epith.,*Glandular Epithelium and Glands*Specialized Structure of Epithelial Cell,Classification of Glands,Structure of
3、Exocrine Glands,Types of Glandular Cells,*Covering Epithelium,*Glandular Epithelium and Glands,*Specialized Structure of Epithelial Cell,Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland,Acinus or Secretory Portion Duct,Serous cellMucous cell,EPITHELIAL TISSUE,EPITHELIAL TISSUE,*Covering Epithelium*Glandular Epitheliu
4、m and Glands,*Specialized Structure of Epithelial Cell,Free Specialization,Lateral Spec.,Basal Spec.,MicrovilliCilia,Tight Junction Intermediate JunctionDesmosome Gap Junction,Basement Membrane Plesma Membrane InfoldingHemidesmosome,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Connective Tissues Proper,*Blood and Lymph*Carti
5、lage and Bone,Loose Connective Tissue,Dense Connective TissueAdipose TissueReticular Tissue,CellsFibers GroundSubstance,FibroblastsPlasma CellsMacrophagesMast CellsAdipose Cells未分化的间充质细胞 白细胞,Collagen FibersReticular FibersElastic Fibers,Proteoglycan(forming molecular sieve)GlycoproteinTissue Fluid,M
6、esenchyme,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Connective Tissues Proper,*Blood and Lymph*Cartilage and Bone,Loose Connective Tissue,Dense Connective Tissue Adipose TissueReticular Tissue,Dense Regular Connective TissueDense Irregular Connective TissueElastic Tissue,White Adipose TissueBlown Adipose Tissue,Reticular
7、CellsReticular FibersMatrix,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Blood and Lymph,ErythrocytesLeukocytesBlood Platelets,*Connective Tissues Proper,Structure of Bone MarrowHaemopoiesis,Blood（1）Structure of Bone Marrow and Haemopoiesis Lymph,*Cartilage And Bone,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Cartilage And Bone,Hyaline CartilageFibr
8、ous CartilageElastic Cartilage,*Connective Tissues Proper*Blood and Lymph,Bone TissueLong Bone,Cartilage（1）Bone（2）Bone development,Intramembranous Ossification Endochondral Ossification,MUSCLE TISSUE,He shaojian(何少健),NERVOUS TISSUE,&,MUSCLE TISSUE（0）,*Skeletal Muscle,*Cardiac Muscle*Smooth Muscle,St
9、ructuer Under L.M（1）,Ultrastructure&Molecular Constitution,Mechanism of Contraction,Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers,Myofibrils Transverse tubules(T-tubules)Sarcoplasmic reticulum,(L-tubules),MUSCLE TISSUE（0）,*Skeletal Muscle,Ultrastructure&Molecular Constitution,Myofibrils（2）,Thick filaments（3）Thin
10、filaments,Myosin（肌球蛋白）Actin（肌动蛋白）Tropomyosin（原肌球蛋白）Troponin（肌钙蛋白）,MUSCLE TISSUE（0）,*Skeletal Muscle,*Cardiac Muscle*Smooth Muscle,Structuer Under L.M,Ultrastructure&Molecular Constitution,Mechanism Of Contraction（5）,Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers,Myofibrils Transverse tubules(T-tubules)（4）Sarcoplas
11、mic reticulum,(L-tubules),MUSCLE TISSUE,*Skeletal Muscle,*Cardiac Muscle,*Smooth Muscle,Structuer Under L.M,Ultrastructure&Molecular Constitution,Transverse tubules(T-tubules)Sarcoplasmic reticulum(L-tubules),Thick filamentsThin filaments,Structuer Under L.M.,Ultrastructure&Molecular Constitution,Me
12、chanism of Contraction,NERVOUS TISSUE（0）,Neurons,Synapse Neuroglia cells Nerve Fibers and Nerves Nerve endings Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell,Shape（1）,Structure（2）,Classification,SomaNeurite,MembraneNucleusPerikaryon,The Numbers of Neurite Long or Short Axon Function Releasing the Sorts o
13、f Neurotransmitters,DendritesAxon,NERVOUS TISSUE,Classificationof Neurons（3）,The Number of Neurites Long or Short Axon Function Releasing the Sorts of Neurotrans-mitters,Pseudounipolar NeuronBipolar NeuronMultipolar Neuron,Golgi type I NeuronGolgi type II Neuron,Sensory NeuronInterneuron Motor Neuro
14、n,Cholinergic NeuronAminergic NeuronPeptidergic Neuron,NERVOUS TISSUE,Synapse(1),Neuron,Types,Classifi-cation,Structure of Chemical Synapses,Axodendritic SynapseAxospinous SynapseAxosomatic SynapseAxoaxonal SynapseDendrodendritic Synapse,Electrical SynapseChemical Synapse,Presynaptic Element(Synapti
15、c Bouton)Synaptic Cleft Postsynaptic Element,Neuroglia cells Nerve Fibers and Nerves Nerve endingsNeurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell,Structure,Influence OnNext Cell,Excitatory SynapseInhibitory Synapse,NERVOUS TISSUE,Neuroglia or glial Cells,NeuronSynapse,Glial Cells In the Central Nervous Sy
16、stem,Glial Cells In the Peripheral Nervous System,AstrocytesOligodendrocytesMicrogliaEpendymal Cells,Nerve Fibers and Nerves Nerve Endings Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell,Schwann Cells Satellite Cells,*Shape*Structuer*Function,*Shape*Structuer*Function,*Shape*Structuer*Function,NERVOUS TIS
17、SUE,Nerve Fibers and Nerves,NeuronSynapseNeuroglia Cells,Nerve Fibers（1）,Nerve,Myelinated N.F.In the Peripheral Nervous SystemMyelinated N.F.In the Central Nervous System,Nerve EndingsNeurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell,Mye-linated N.F.（2）,Unmye-linated N.F.,Unmyelinated N.F.In the Peripheral
18、Nervous SystemUnmyelinated N.F.In the Central Nervous System,NERVOUS TISSUE,Nerve Endings,*Neuron*Synapse*Neuroglia Cells*Nerve Fibers and Nerves,Sensory Nerve Ending,Motor Nerve Ending,Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell,Free Nerve EndingEncapsulated Nerve Ending Tactile Corpuscle（触觉小体）Lamell
19、ar Corpuscle（环层小体）Muscle Spindle（肌梭）,Somatic Motor Nerve EndingVisceral Motor Nerve Ending,NERVOUS TISSUE,*Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell,*Neuron*Synapse*Neuroglia Cells*Nerve Fibers and Nerves*Nerve Endings,Neurotrophic Factors,Neural Stem Cell,组织学总论自习与思考,1、通过组织学总论的学习，你对组织学有何认识？2、请将每一基本组
20、织的框架列出。3、各基本组织的知识点有哪些？4、各基本组织的知识点如何构成各基本组织 的内容？5、你如何理解结构和功能的关系（举例说明）？,OVER,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Cartilage,andBone,Hyaline Cartilage Fibrous Cartilage Elastic Cartilage,*Connective Tissues Proper*Blood and Lymph,Cartilage Tissue PerichondriumFormation and Growth of Cartilage,Cartilage MatrixChondrocyte
21、,Interstitial GrowthAppositional Growth,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Bone,Bone Tissue Long Bone,*Connective Tissues Proper*Blood and Lymph*Cartilage,Bone MatrixBone Cells,Osteoprogenitor CellOsteoblastsOsteocytesOsteoclasts,Spongy BoneCompact BonePeriosteum,(Outer/inner)Circumferential LamellaeOsteon or Haver
22、sian SystemInterstitial Lamellae,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,Blood,Neutrophilic Granulocyte(Neutrophils)Eosinophilic Granulocyte(Eosinophils)Basophilic Granulocyte(Basophils)Monocytes Lymphocytes,ErythrocytesLeukocytesBlood Platelets,*Shape*Structuer*Function,*Shape*Structuer*Function,*Shape*Structuer*Functio
23、n,OVERVIEW,Components（组成）：Muscle cells and a litter of L.C.T.2.Types：Skeletal muscle（骨骼肌）Cardiac muscle（心肌）Smooth muscle（平滑肌）,OVERVIEW,3.The Several Terminology：Muscle fiber/cell（肌纤维/肌细胞）：Because of their shape like the fiber.Sarcolemma（肌膜）：The membrane of the muscle cell.Sarcoplasm（肌质/浆）：The plasma
24、 of the muscle cell.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum（肌质/浆网）：The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell.,（1）Shape&Size（2）Nucleus（3）Sarcoplasm,Shape&Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope,（1）Shape&Size：long cylinder 1 40 mm in the length 10100 m in diameter,Shape&Structure of Skeletal
25、Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope,（2）Nucleus(Nuclei)：polynucleation peripheral flat-ellipse(扁椭圆形),Shape&Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope,（3）Sarcoplasm：Sarcoplasm is full of longitudinal myofibrils,and among them there are many organelles such as mitochondria.,Shape&Structure o
26、f Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope,Myofibril（肌原纤维）：Each myofibril is composed of repeating subunits called sarcomeres，which are composed of myofilaments.,Shape&Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope,Skeletal Muscle,Skeletal Muscle Fibers（longitudinal section）,Myofibril,Cro
27、ss Striation,Muscle Satellite Cell,Skeletal Muscle Fibers（transverse section）,Muscle Cell,Myofibril,Nuclei,Muscle Fiber and Myofibril,Muscle Fiber,Myofibril,I band A band,Cross Striation,Muscle Fiber and Myofibril,Muscle Fiber,Myofibril,I band A band,Cross Striation,I band.(I/明带)A band.(A/暗带),Band P
28、atterns of the Myofibril,Muscle Fiber and Myofibril,Muscle Fiber,Myofibril,I band A band,Cross Striation,Myofibril,I band,A band,线,Myofibril（electronic microscope）,A band,band,line,I band,line,line,I band.(明带):Z line.Thin line in middle of the I band,caused by the presence of the Z disk.,Band Patter
29、ns of the Myofibril,线,Myofibril（electronic microscope）,A band,band,line,I band,line,line,A band.(暗带):H band M line,Band Patterns of the Myofibril,线,Myofibril（electronic microscope）,A band,band,line,I band,line,line,A band.(暗带):H band.The central region of the A band,which is slightly lighter in appe
30、arance because it does not have thin filaments in it.,Band Patterns of the Myofibril,A band.(暗带):M line There is a central dark line in A band.there are structural proteins at the location that bind to thick filaments to keep them in register.,Band Patterns of the Myofibril,线,Myofibril（electronic mi
31、croscope）,A band,band,line,I band,line,line,Sarcomere(肌节),A segment of myofibril between two neighbor Z line.,I band+A band+I band,The basal contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle cells.,Location:,Structure:,Function:,Myofibril,I band,A band,line,line,band,Sarcomere,line,Myofibril,line,line,Thick
32、Filament,Thin Filament,line,line,line,H band,I band(thin filament only),A band,(thick filament only),thin&thick filaments,Cross bridge,Molecule Myosin（bean-bud shape）,Head（ATPase）,Rod,Troponin肌钙（原）蛋白,Actin肌动蛋白,Tropomyosin原肌球蛋白,Thin Filament,Composed mainly of the protein actin.Smaller amounts of tro
33、pomyosin and troponin are present.,The pointcombined with myosin,a pair of spiral chains of molecule actin,Actin肌动蛋白,Single molecule actin,Tropomyosin 原肌球蛋白,a pair of spiral chains of multipeptide,Troponin 肌钙（原）蛋白（three subunites）,Troponin 肌钙（原）蛋白,Composed of three spherical subunites,namely,TnT、TnI
34、、TnC.,TnT,TnI,TnC,combined with Ca2+,regulate mutual link between actin and myosin,help troponin adhere to tropomyosin,Transverse Tubule(T-tubule,横小管),The plasma membrane has tubular invaginations,called T-tubules,that run into the cytoplasm,branching and surrounding myofibrils.,T-tubules,Myofibril,
35、Sarcoplasm,T-tubules,A band,I band,Thin&Thick Filaments,Terminal Cisterna,Transverse Tubule(T-tubule,横小管),Their function is to carry the action potential(动作电位)into the cell interior.They associate closely with the SER in the cell.,Transverse Tubule(T-tubule,横小管),Their location is at the interface be
36、tween I band and A band in skeletal muscle cell.,Sarcoplasmic Reticulum(肌质/浆网)Longitudinal Tubule(L-tubule,纵小管),It forms a network between and around the myofibrils.At level of A band-I band interface,there are terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that flank a T-tubule.Usually two termin
37、al cisternae/per T tubule:therefore this complex is called a triad(三连体).Two triads/per sarcomere.It can reserve calcium ions.,T-tubules&L-tubules,Myofibril,Sarcoplasm,T-tubules,A band,I band,Thin&Thick Filaments,L-tubules,Terminal Cisterna,N冲动 肌膜 横小管 终池及纵小管，释放钙离子,骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）,钙离子与肌钙蛋白结合 细肌丝构形改变，暴露
38、出肌动蛋白的结合位点,骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）,粗、细肌丝接触 肌球蛋白分子头ATP酶被激活，分解ATP释放能量 粗肌丝拉着细肌丝向M线方向滑动，肌节缩短。,收缩结束后，钙离子被泵回肌浆网，肌钙蛋白等恢复原状，肌纤维松弛。,M线,肌球蛋白头,肌动蛋白,肌钙蛋白,T,C,原肌球蛋白,松弛时,Z线,Z线,收缩时：,肌节,Z线,Z线,Z线,H带,M线,松弛时：,肌丝滑动，各带变化模式图,肌丝滑动模式图,*Nerve Cells（Neurons）：They are the basal structural and functional unite.They can receive stimulat
39、ions,integrate informations and transmit nervous impulses.Some neurons has the endocrine function.*Neuroglia Cells（Neuroglia）：They play an important role in the support,the nutrition,the protection and the insulation for neurons.,Constitution of Nervous Tissue,Neuron,Neurites,Soma,Axon,Dendrites,Sha
40、pe of Neurons(section),H.E stain silver stain,The soma includes the nucleus and the perikaryon.,Nucleus,large,round,clear,and having distinct nucleolus,Perikaryon,Contains rich organelles,The special organelles are,Neuron H.E high mag.,Nissls bodiesNeurofibril,Structure of Neuron,Nissls bodies（尼氏体）,
41、Definition:The basalphilic substances in the cytoplasm of neuron.Component：Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum,RER.&Free RibosomesFunction：synthesize protein.,Neuron H.E high mag.,Neurofibrils（神经原纤维）,Definition:They are the filaments,which can be demonstrated with silver stain,in cytoplasm.Component：They co
42、nsists of aggregate of microtubules and neurofilaments.Function：They support the neurons as a cell skeleton and are also involved in the transportation of substances.,Neuron silver stain,high mag.,Classification of Neurons,1、According to the number of their processes,Multipolar Neuron,Bipolar Neuron
43、,Pseudounipolar Neuron,2、According to the size of soma and the length of axon:,Golgi type:Large soma and long axon,Golgi type:Small soma and short axon,Axon,Classification of Neurons,3、According to the functions:,Sensory Neuron(or Afferent),Motor Neuron(or Efferent),Interneuron,Model of nerve reflex
44、 circle,Classification of Neurons,4、According to releasing the sorts of neurotransmitters or neuromodulators:,Classification of Neurons,Cholinergic Neurons（胆碱能神经元）Aminergic Neurons（胺能神经元）Peptidergic Neurons（肽能神经元）In general,a neuron can only release a kind of neurotransmitters（神经递质）or neuromodulator
45、s（神经调质）.,Synapse（突触）,.Definition:It is a specialised cellular junction between a neuron and another one,or a neuron and an effecting cell,where the transmission of messages occurs.Type of the Synapse*Axodendritic Synapses*Axospinous Synapses*Axosomatic Synapses*Axoaxonal Synapses*Dendrodendritic Syn
46、apses.Classification：Electrical Synapses Chemical Synapses,.Definition:A nerve fiber is composed of an axon and a surrounding sheath formed by the neuroglial cell.,Nerve Fiber,2.Classification：*Myelinated nerve fiber（有髓神经纤维）*Unmyelinated nerve fiber（无髓神经纤维）,Nerve Fiber,3.Formation of the Myelin Shea
47、th：Glial cell first fixes to the surface of the axon and the axon penetrates into a groove of glial cell cytoplasm.The edges of the groove then fuse together to form a mesaxon(轴突系膜).Therefor,the glial cell starts to rotate around the axon.During this process,the mesaxon elongates and forms a myelin
48、lamella.,Nerve Fiber,Formation of the Myelin Sheath,Nucleus of Glial cell,Axon,Myelin Sheath,见动画,髓鞘形成示意（动画）,Unmyelinated Nerve FiberIn the Peripheral Nervous System,Relationship of Schwann Cell and Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers,Schwann Cell,Axons,Mode of nerve impulse conduction,Saltatory conduction:Myelinated nerve fiber,Continuous conduction:Unmyelinated nerve fiber,Ranviernodes,
