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1、Exposition by Example and DefinitionIntroductionExposition refers to prose whose purpose is to give information. The writers purpose of writing an expository essay is to convince the readers that his essay explains the subject matter in the clearest way. Actually much of our college writing may be c
2、lassified as exposition: book reports, essay exams and even research papers.The purpose of an expository essay may be accomplished by explaining a process, comparing or contrasting two items, identifying a cause-effect relationship, explaining with examples dividing the classifying, or defining. Dep
3、ending upon the particular type of expository essay being written, the order of presentation of supporting details may vary. However, an essay is usually developed by several strategies combined rather than a single one. So in the explanation of the strategies, we identify the kind of essay by its p
4、rimary strategy of development. Each unit introduces two strategies. In this unit, exposition by example and definition will be introduced. This unit is divided into two sections: Section 1: Exposition by example; Section 2: Exposition by definition.Section 1 Expository by examplePart I Lead- inPurp
5、ose: This part serves as unit orientation, the purpose of which is to re-activate students, existing knowledge and experience in the related area so as to get them actively involved in the process of teaching, which emphasizes exposition by example. Lead-in activity should take no more than 30 minut
6、es.Task 1Suggestions for teachingAsk the students first to brainstorm individually and then share each other s knowledge in group and make comment on each example following the suggested questions in Step 3.Part II Sample writing Suggestions for teachingThe approach adopted here is that of induction
7、(归纳法)； that is, the teacher should help the students find out how the author has tried to achieve unity by examples. Students should be encouraged to think, discover and then draw a conclusion.Task 2 Suggested answers to the questions1. The last sentence of Paragraph 1.2. Three: 1) Cordless phone; 2
8、) The Internet; 3) Computer-designed magnesium（镁） wheels.3. Cons. For example, in Paragraph 3, the writer offers an advantage of the Internet, i.e. limitless access to information. But he offers more disadvantages, i.e. users are glued to their computers; users can never feel on top of things, and u
9、sers become obsessed（时刻被困扰）4. “another example” in Paragraph 3 and 4.5. The writer points out the advantage of the cordless phone at first. Then he uses “ however” to show the reader the disadvantages. After the illustration, he lists the first disadvantage: we lose privacy. The word “also” leads us
10、 to the second disadvantage. And the word “then” transfers us smoothly to the third disadvantage.Task 3 The answer is open Part IV In-class ActivitiesTask 4 Suggested answers to the questions1. The second paragraph. It provides examples to illustrate the central point.2. Seven examples3. No. They ar
11、e a series of short examples.4. They help to explain the general statement clearly and make the point convincing. Also, the examples can arouse the readers interest.Task 5 Suggested answers1. The chandelier is too low.- I slammed my head into the chandelier- I must duck to avoid hitting my head on a
12、 door frame.2. Beds are also not made with the very tall in mind.- I have to sleep across a double bed to keep my feet from dangling(悬吊) off the end.3. Cars do not have enough space for the tall.- I have to recline my seat and push it back to keep my head from scraping the ceiling.- I drive with the
13、 sunroof open.- I have to fold myself over to get into the car.Task 6Suggested answers1. a 2. cTask 7 The answer is openTask 8The answer is openTask 9Suggested answerComing to my weaknesses. I realize that I have quite few too. I am a little over-cautious. There have been times when because of this,
14、 I have lost opportunities. I often spend too much time thinking deeply even on matters where I have to decide quickly. Often it has happened that by the time I decided on the issue, the time for the decision had passed. I spend three days thing of the pros and cons (merit and demerit) of each and t
15、hen I was told that the recruitment for both the organizations was over. Anyone would have learnt from this, but L did not. I went on to make the same type of mistake many more times. Another weakness of mine is the fear out on a lot of fun and games. For example, I was too scared to go for the para
16、chuting course though I was offered. I missed the chance of a lifetime and now have to live with a lot of regret.Task 10 Suggested answers to the questions1. Main idea: How she comes to understand Murphys Law. Yes, her thesis communicates this main idea.2. Three examples: a. My car had a breakdown o
17、n our way back from Washington D.C. b. I caught the flu hours before a date. c. I lost my way when I was driving to my new school. All the examples focus on how Murphys Law influences her life.3. Yes. She opens her essay wit an extended example to show how Murphys Law functions in her life. Later, i
18、n paragraph 3, she provides two short examples. In Paragraph 4, she gives a more extended example to show the function of Murphys Law. Overall, she gives enough examples to make her point.4. The examples are arranged in chronological order. The first event happened in summer. Then the second happene
19、d later that summer. The third event happened on August 29, at the end of the summer.Part V After-class activitiesTask 11 A sample essayDangers on the RoadOnce I saw a television program where a skydiver jumped out of a plane without a parachute. He got a parachute from an associate who had dived ou
20、t earlier. After the feat, He was interviewed by a journalist. The skydiver told the journalist that his act was safer-much safer- than driving or walking along the road. On thinking a little while about it I realized that though there are so many skydivers all over the world every day, the accident
21、 rate in such a dangerous act is very low. In contrast, hundreds are killed or maimed(受伤的) on the road every day. The road is a dangerous place.The first danger on the road is peoples attitudes. Talking with people it became clear to me that everyone seems to think that accidents happen to other peo
22、ple, never to them. In truth , accidents can happen to anyone. All the people that I talk to seem to think how unfortunate it is that accidents happen, but never have I heard anyone say that he or she could be involved in an accident. Such a thought seems to be remote. Hence I believe that the attit
23、udes of road user are the first danger on the road.Careless drivers are another source of danger. I have friends who boast that since they had never had any accidents, they are obviously good drivers. Having sat in their cars, I realize that nothing could be further from the truth. Some of the drive
24、rs that I know are reckless and drive without the least consideration to other road users. The machines they drive are death machines and they do not realize it. Their proud brag(自吹)that they have never been involved in an accident is empty when I realize that this is only because there are other re
25、sponsible road users out there. All I can see is that there are a lot of accidents waiting to happen, when two or more equally irresponsible road users meet.Road conditions contribute to dangers on the road too, Singapore roads are fairly well maintained. However there are lesser used road which are
26、 neglected. One has only to go to some country roads like Jurong and see the deteriorating conditions of the road. These are roads that serve as shortcuts to the factories and thus used by heavy vehicles. The heavy vehicles cause damage to the roads and this is dangerous, especially at night. Speaki
27、ng of night, driving at night under poor visibility is a danger in itself. This is especially so in residential roads where there a lot of trees. Even though the trees add to the beauty of the roads, they also obstruct drivers view as they drive around corner.Dangers on the road are real. What make
28、them more so is the tendency of road users to thik that there are no dangers on the road. Hence unlike when we do dangerous activities, we are likely to be careless. And that is where the danger is.Section 2 Exposition by DefinitionPart I Lead-in Purpose: This part serves as unit orientation, the pu
29、rpose of which is to reactivate students existing knowledge and experience in the related area so as to get them actively involved in the process of teaching, which emphasizes exposition by definition. Lead-in activity should take no more than 30 minutes.Task 1 Suggestions for teachingAsk the studen
30、ts to choose one term that interests them, give it a definition by providing a synonym, antonym, and a simile or metaphor. Based on the information, the student can develop an outline. Then ask students to illustrate each point from their own experience and develop the outline into an essay.Part II
31、Sample writingSuggestions for teaching The approach adopted here is that of induction; that is , the teacher should help the students find out how the author has tried to achieve unity by examples. Students should be encoufraged to think, discover and then draw a conclusion.Task 2 Suggested answer t
32、o the questions1. To show the positive aspects of bookworms.2. The last sentence in the first paragraph. The writer provides specific examples to support it. For example, in Paragraph3, the writer says that bookworms use what they have learned from books to do a lot of good in the world.3. 1) The fi
33、rst sentence in Paragraph 1. 2) The first sentence in Paragraph 2. 3) The first sentence in Paragraph 34. The writer gives peoples negative definition of bookworms at the beginning of each paragraph, and then he refuses peoples misunderstanding. Then the writer presents the positive aspect with spec
34、ific examples.5. The writer gives the general definition of bookworms and then human bookworms in the first paragraph. Then he give the thesis statement, which shows that name is slowly to those people who loves books. Then in the text two paragraphs, the writer refuses peoples misunderstanding and
35、establishes his own view. In the last paragraph, a suggestion is given to people on how to view bookworms.Task 3The answer is openPart IV In-class Activities Task 4 Suggested answers1. It is a feeling of excitement as you hear Christmas carols.(颂歌)2. It is the tingle you get when you see the snow an
36、d tinsel(金箔饰品) in store windows.3. It is the hope for a white December 25, for the beauty of snowflakes.4. It is the joy for helping people.5. It is the special excitement people feel as they look forward the day of peace and love.Task 5 Suggested answerDefinitions 1, 4, 5 are effective because each
37、 of them presents the distinguishing character of them.Definition 2 and 3 are ineffective.In 2 the word “ where” does not indicate that the following part is a definition. Improved version: A greenbelt is a band of parks, farmland, or unused land surrounding a community.In 3, the sentence offers a c
38、ircular definition instead of explaining distinguishing features. Improved version: Pop music refers to modern music that is like by a lot of people, especially young people.Task 6 Suggested answerShakespeares sequence of 154 sonnets(十四行诗) is a narrative of events and emotions involving himself, a d
39、ark lady, and another young man or “rival poet.” The story, however, is loosely constructed, and it is not as important as Shakespeares overall treatment in the sonnets of the themes of life, love, beauty, and friendship. The highly compressed format of the sonnet is a perfect vehicle for bringing t
40、hese emotions to life through figurative language. In “sonnet 116,” Shakespeare compares love to a guiding star “ constant to the edge of doom.” He also personifies love in the same sonnet, saying, “ Loves not Timss fool” and “Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks.” The beautiful constructi
41、on of these sonnets helps convey Shakespeares unique understanding of human nature.Task 7Suggested answer to the questions1. Yes, the last sentence of the first paragraph shows the writers attitude towards alcoholism. He thinks it devastating both to the alcoholic and the family.2. In the first para
42、graph, the writer gives general background information and then narrow the topic to the alcoholics family. In the second paragraph, she shifts to first person to reveal specific details about her life.3 Definition.4. The writer ends the essay with a personal lesson. The not of forgiveness provides a
43、 positive ending to the topic.Part V After-class ActivitiesTask 8A sample essayMother LoveLove cannot be forced, love cannot be coaxed and teased.It comes out of Heaven, unasked and unsought. - Pearl BuckWhat is mother love? Is it a feeling, an emotion, or the dedication of an entire lifetime? Is it
44、 bad or good, imaginary or genuine? One thing is certain; mother love is difficult to define, especially to those who have not experienced it. None of the dictionaries seem to think mother and love should be combined into the phrase mother love .Yet there is motherhood, mother lode (地质母脉、主矿脉)，and mo
45、therland. Could any of these words be more fitting to combine with mother than the word love?Psychiatrists(精神病专家) define mother love, doctors prescribe(stipulate) it, lawyers divide it, children bask(be interested in) or drown in it, and fathers observe it. Perhaps even a mother cannot define it, bu
46、t some still try. Loves as only a mother can feel begins for some women with the first knowledge of pregnancy. For others, it comes with beholding the charm of their own soft, sweet-smelling baby. The baby dose not have to be beautiful to inspire great love. Perhaps mother love at this stage of life
47、 is a myriad(endless) of feelings: infant dependency, mothers pride of accomplishment, and primitive emotions that have been basic to the human race since its beginning. Whatever the reason, loving a baby seems very easy.The real growth of mother love begins later. Much of the time during a childs l
48、ife, no one seems to love him or her except the mother. True mother love develops over many years and through many trials. When a toddler throws a fit(小孩发脾气) in a store, shouts a loud “No”, or dampens a neighbors carpet, mother love is put to a test. But even in this stage, the child is very appealing to her. H ere a few facet of love begins, pride in the childs independence.The early school years strain the most patient mother. After the thumb-sucking, leg-hugging, insecure years come the
