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1、本科学生毕业论文解析远大前程中皮普的成长历程 黑 龙 江 工 程 学 院 二九年六月 The Graduation Thesis for Bachelors Degree An Analysis of the Growing Course of Pip in Great Expectations Heilongjiang Institute of Technology 2009-06Harbin摘 要查尔斯狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的批判现实主义作家之一。他的作品远大前程从不同侧面向人们揭示了维多利亚时期资本主义社会的不公道和伪善，也清晰地展示出狄更斯的诙谐、个性和人道主义精神。论文共分五大部
2、分: 第一章是引言部分,简要介绍国内外的研究成果和狄更斯的生平及成就；第二章概括介绍了社会环境对皮普成长的影响；第三章着重描述了皮普在不同时期的性格发展变化；第四章阐述了皮普的成长过程对狄更斯思想的反映，从而得出结论：在人的成长过程中，社会环境起着举足轻重的作用。本文旨在通过分析远大前程中主人公皮普的成长历程与社会环境之间的关系，以达到对作品、作家和时代深入理解的目的，并对了解狄更斯的其他作品具有借鉴意义。关键词:远大前程； 皮普； 成长历程； 社会背景； 狄更斯的思想AbstractCharles Dickens is one of the greatest British critical
3、 realistic novelists in nineteenth century. His work, Great Expectations exposed to the readers the unfairness and hypocrisy of the capitalist society in Victorian age. Meanwhile, his humor, personality and humanity were also clearly revealed.There are five chapters in the thesis: Chapter One is a b
4、rief introduction to the researches in China and abroad and Dickenss life and achievement. Chapter Two generally discusses the influence of social circumstances on the growing course of Pip. Chapter Three focuses on the growing course of Pips character in different period. Chapter Four talks about t
5、he reflection of Dickenss thought through Pips growth. Then a conclusion is drawn: social background plays significant role in the growing course of a person.By analyzing the relationship between social circumstances and the growing course of Pip in Dickenss Great Expectations, it is possible to hav
6、e a deep understanding of the novel, the author as well as the era. It is also useful as a reference to understand Dickenss other novels.Keywords: Great Expectations; Pip; growing course; social background; Dickenss thoughtContents摘要. Abstract. Introduction.1 A. Research in China and abroad.1 B. The
7、 life and career of Charles Dickens.2. Social background for Pips growth.4A. The people around.4B. The law .6C. The education7. Growing course of Pip in such social background.9A. Timidity and self-denial in childhood.9B. Honesty and integrity in adolescence.10C. Self-help and self-construction afte
8、r growing up11. A reflection of Dickenss thought through Pips growth.14A. Dissatisfaction with social changes in Victorian Age.14B. The atheism thought15Conclusion.17Works Cited.19References.20Acknowledgements.21. IntroductionCharles Dickens is one of the greatest British realistic novelists. There
9、can be few other English writersapart, of course, from Shakespearewith such wide-spread influence as Dickens, not only on their successors in the national literature, but also on major foreign writers, and few have been the subject of so many outstanding treatises by foreign critics.A. Research in C
10、hina and abroadThe researches on Charles Dickenss novels at home and abroad are abundant and various. Critics and researchers study his works from different perspectives and employ various theories. Great Expectations, as Dickenss later and dark novel, attracts many critics and reviewers.The Researc
11、hes on Characters and Images：In Great Expectations, the main characters Pip and Miss Havisham, as well as other minor characters all attract critics and researchers attention, the articles referred to the analyses on characters and images of Great Expectations are numerous including Wu Bins thesis C
12、harles Dickens view on Female and Women in His Works (2006), Lei Pings thesis The Relationships between Social Circumstances and the Development of Pips characters in Great Expectations (2005), Zhang Xues thesis the Angel in the House on Dickens s Heroines in the viewpoint of Gender Studies (2001),
13、Zhu Linglius thesis Childrens Images under the Pen of Charles Dickens (2003), etc. A lot of studies have been conducted on Dickenss works abroad since 1988. Like domestic, many scholars also have studied Dickenss works from different perspectives concerning the artistic techniques, theme, the charac
14、teristics and also the personal background. Firstly, articles referred to the artistic techniques included Ian MacLeans Dickenss narrative technique (2001), David Codys Autobiographical Lannerets in Dickens s Great Expectations (2002), Alexa Van Brunts Subversion of Gender Identity in Great Expectat
15、ions (2004), George P. Ian Dows Pips Commercial Vocabulary (2003) etc. Secondly, there are articles about characters and images, such as George P. LAN Dow：Description and Character in Great Expectations (2003), Jasper Fords Explanation of Miss Havishams character (2006), Serra Ansays Falling in Love
16、 in Jane Eyre and Great Expectations (1995), etc. Thirdly，the articles, such as E. D. H. Johnsons Guilt and Complicity in Great Expectations (2002), David Codys Autobiographical Elements in Dickenss Great Expectations (2002), Alexander Zevins Criminally Self-conscious: Pips “Great Expectations” (200
17、4), etc. all referred to the various themes of the novel. With the development of the society and literary theories, it is necessary to analyze the novel from new perspectives and to reinterpret Pips characters in Great Expectations so as to have a deep and thorough understanding of the society trag
18、edy in Victorian Age.B. The life and career of Charles DickensCharles John Huffam Dickens, the second of eight children, was born to John and Elizabeth Dickens in 1812. His family was of the lower middle class. His father served as a clerk in the navy pay office. Since his father couldnt deliver the
19、 family from financial plight, Dickenss miserable childhood experience was largely caused by it. By 1817, the family moved to Chathem, where Charles had happy times. He received his first instruction from his mother and later attended regular schools there. Because of this early education, Dickens a
20、vailed himself of the opportunity to read his fathers collection of literary classics and showed his talent in this area. Moreover, John Dickenss encouragement strengthened Dickenss ambition to further advanced studies and development in literature. Nevertheless, this happy time was short and ended
21、in 1822 when his father was ordered to return to London. Not long after the family moved back to London, John Dickens was put into debtors prison because he spent more than he could afford this time; Mrs. Dickens and their four little children were put there as well. At the age of twelve, Dickens wa
22、s put to work at Warrens Blacking Factory for meager wages under miserable conditions, such as insufficient food and shabby clothes in order to improve his familys financial condition and support himself. Fortunately, his godmother happened to die three months after John Dickenss imprisonment and he
23、r legacy therefore was used to pay the familys debt. Because of John Dickenss release, Dickens was able to go back to school again and then completed his formal education. In 1827, Charles Dickens entered a solicitors office and applied himself to the law. A year and a half later, he became a court
24、reporter. The job of a reporter enriched his knowledge in the future literary creation directly. His working as a law clerk strengthened his writing ability with regard to law, which formed an important element in his novels. Being a reporter and a staff writer brought out his talent for character s
25、ketch. His novels always realistically reflected the life and images of low class people and lower middle class ones as well. Dickens creativity was so rich and enormous that he produced his novels steadily one after another. Among his most famous novels are David Copperfield (1849-1850), Bleak Hous
26、e (1852-1853), Hard Times (1854), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1860-1861).Analyzing Dickenss Great Expectations helps to achieve a better understanding of this novel as well as Charles Dickenss great power in the criticism towards society. Great Expectations is recognized as
27、the most perfectly constructed and perfectly written of all Dickenss works. . Social background for Pips growthIn Great Expectations, readers can taste the bitters and sweets in life through Pips character development, and find that his tragedy was mainly the result of social circumstances.A. The pe
28、ople aroundThe formation of the self, for Pip, is affected by all the people he encounters and the society he is exposed to. So his encounters with Mrs. Joe, Joe, Estella, Biddy, Miss Havisham, Herbert, and even Lawyer Jagger all play a role in his development. Among all these characters, the three
29、most important parent figures who help to mold Pips personality are Joe, Estella and Miss Havisham. 1. Joe GargeryJoe was Pips brother-in-law, but there was a big gap in their ages. He actually played the role of Pips father. But this father was somewhat different, because he in fact had no authorit
30、y in the family run by Mrs. Joe. Compared with Pip, Joe was only a fellow-sufferer of Mrs. Joes cruelty. Joes situation and influence was too powerless. He was an honest, industrious, mild, good-natured and easy-going dear fellow. Pip always treated him as a big child, and as no more than his equal.
31、 He protected and loved Pip. Joe was not well educated and even had difficulty in spelling his own name, but Joe encouraged Pip to learn. Joe had strong sympathy for Pip. He said: “When I offered to your sister to keep company, and to be asked in church, at such times as she was willing and ready to
32、 come to the forge, I said to her: And bring the poor little child. God blessed the little child, I said to your sister, there is room for him at the forge!” 1 Joe was very forgiving. When Pip came back from the Satis Manor for the first time and lied to Mrs. Joe and Uncle Pumblechook, Joe advised t
33、hat no lies in the future. Interviewed by Miss Havisham, Joe would not be lured by money. Joe was unselfish and warm-hearted. He was far away from Pips London life because he never wanted himself or his simple manners to embarrass Pip and to make Pip uncomfortable. Joe was always present in Pips min
34、d. He tended to remind Pip of the precious positive values. Joe was a man of simple dignity: he would not be lured by money. This was quite the opposite of his wife. When Pip lost his great expectations and fell in to illness, it was Joe who took good care of him. Joe teaches Pip about the greatness
35、 of being an ordinary person and a real gentleman. From Joe, Pip learns that he can also be contented and happy without money and power. In a way, Pip inherits different genes and values from Mr. and Mrs. Joe, the two different origins. After that, he develops and creates his own living attitude to
36、fit into society. 2. Miss HavishamMiss Havisham was a tragic image. Because she was abandoned by Compeyson, she decided to maltreat those people around her. She believed in nobody but her lawyer. She let everything in her house stop and rot. In her mind, there was nothing but hatred and revenge. So
37、she was a cruel person.First, Miss Havisham was cruel to her relatives. Every year on her birthday, her relatives would come to see her. On such occasions, she used all kinds of sharp words to mock those relatives because of their greed for her wealth. By doing so, she could get satisfaction in seei
38、ng her relatives pretence, compliment and greed to no avail. She also relished the illusions that she was the one who made Pip a gentleman, for the illusions were both a punishment on men and a satire of her greedy relatives. This illusion could make Pip sad; it could at the same time make her relat
39、ives sad. And all this satisfaction came without spending any coin of hers. She just sat there as Pips fairy godmother and looked like an evil lady from another world. We see in her nothing but cruelty. Second, she was cruel to Pip and Estella. If we think Miss Havishams cruelty to her relatives cam
40、e from her hatred for their greed, then her cruelty to Pip and Estella has nothing to do with greed and therefore unreasonable. Both Pip and Estella had nothing to do with her unsuccessful love affairs. Why she was so cruel to them? We know Miss Havisham turned Estella into a beauty without sympathy
41、, sentiment and softness. This bringing-up was incorrect with the consequences that Estellas personality was totally distorted. In Estellas future days, she could bestow her tenderness anywhere. What she had to do was attract men and torment men. Later, she married the cruel Drummle and was tormente
42、d by her unsuccessful marriage. Miss Havisharn wanted to use Estella as a sharp weapon to take revenge on men, but actually she was repeating her own tragedy on another woman. This was her stupidity.She pretended to be Pips supporter and made Pip feel grateful for her. At the same time, when finally
43、 Pip learnt the truth of his fortune and asked Miss Havisham about the reason, she attributed the illusions totally to Pip. In fact, she never stopped leading Pip into her trap. This is also her cruelty. Third, she was cruel to herself. Everyone could experience setbacks in life and should learn fro
44、m them; unfortunately Miss Havisham learnt nothing from her failure but hatred. For Pip, Miss Havisham is like a fairy godmother who leads the protagonist to a new world where Pip has never seen before. However, the “genes” that Pip “inherits” from Miss Havisham are not healthy but damaging. In her
45、world, money represents power and social status. This kind of social value actually does Pip harm. 3. EstellaPip is affected by Estella who is influenced only by Miss Havisham, who brings Estella up, and formed her prejudice and indifference. So Estella cant accept Pips love. Pip receives different
46、values from various people. She is an object that Pip dreams of. In other words, Estella is Pips narcissistic image. The autobiography reveals how Pip strives to catch up to his expectations and why he has such ambitions. Because of Estella, Pip tries to be successful. He wants to join the upper society in order to qualify himself as a good matc
