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1、外文资料翻译1. Principle of SCMSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus system, most will have the Core. At the same
2、time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip. Also known as single-chip SCM(Microco
3、ntroller), because it was first used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer system so that smaller, more easily integrated int
4、o the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the SCM and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways. Early single-chip 8-bit or all of the four. One of the most successful is
5、INTELs 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. As the field of industrial control requ
6、irements increase in the beginning of a 16-bit single-chip, but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used. After the 90s with the big consumer electronics product development, single-chip technology is a huge improvement. INTEL i960 Series with subsequent ARM in particular, a broad r
7、ange of applications, quickly replaced by 32-bit single-chip 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market. Traditional 8-bit single-chip performance has been the rapid increase in processing power compared to the 80s to raise a few hundred times. At present, the high-end 32-bi
8、t single-chip frequency over 300MHz, the performance of the mid-90s close on the heels of a special processor, while the ordinary price of the model dropped to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end models, only 10 U.S. dollars. Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system is no longer only the bare-m
9、etal environment in the development and use of a large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of single-chip microcomputer. In PDAs and cell phones as the core processing of high-end single-chip or even a dedicated direct access to Windows and Linux operating
10、systems. More than a dedicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of single-chip is the worlds largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a single-chip integratio
11、n. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 single chip. And personal computers also have a large number of single-chip microcomputer in the workplace. Vehicles equipped with mo
12、re than 40 Department of the general single-chip, complex industrial control systems and even single-chip may have hundreds of work at the same time! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other integrated computing, even more than the number of human beings.Hard wave introductionThe 8051
13、family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the 8051 f
14、amily of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated o
15、utputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a companys entire line of products since it can perform many functi
16、ons and developers will only have to learn this one platform. 2. The basic architecture consists of the following features: An eight bit ALU32 descriptive I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessedTwo 16 bit timer/countersFull duplex UART6 interrupt sources with 2 priority levels128
17、 bytes of on board RAMSeparate 64K byte address spaces for DATA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrupt daisy chain for pe
18、nding interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using an 11.059MHz clock, y
19、ou can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583 instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds). 3. The SCM development trendNow can say singl
20、e chip microcomputer as the period of the flowers, the world each big companies have launched their own SCM chip making, from 8-bit, 16-bit to 32-bit, endless, of everything, they are all so different, mutual complement each other, for the application of single chip microcomputer to provide broad he
21、aven and earth. Throughout the SCM development process, can predict SCM development trend.(1) low power consumption CMOSMCS - 51 series of 8031 launched when the power of 630 mw, and now the single chip microcomputer generally around 100 mw, with single-chip computer power consumption requirements m
22、ore and more low, now various microcontroller manufacturers generally adopted CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). 80C51 is adopted HMOS (i.e., high density metal oxide semiconductor) and CHMOS(complementary high-density metal oxide semiconductor) process. CMOS low power consumpti
23、on, but due to its physical characteristics determine its working speed is high enough, while CHMOS has high speed and low power consumption characteristics, these characteristics, more suitable for the low power consumption, battery powered applications. So this process will be a period microcontro
24、ller development the main way in the future.(2) miniature single chipNow the conventional SCM is generally is the central processor (CPU), random access data memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, interrupt system, timer circuit, clock circuit integrated o
25、n A single chip, enhanced SCM integrates such as A/D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT (watchdog), some single chip LCD driver circuit are integrated on A single chip, which microcontroller contains unit circuit is more, the more powerful. Even single chip manufacturers can also b
26、e customized according to users requirements, create with their characteristics of single-chip microcomputer. In addition, now product is generally require small size, light weight, which requires the microcontroller in addition to the strong function and low power consumption.(3) mainstream coexist
27、 with many varietiesNow although microcontroller variety, each has its own characteristics, but still with 80 c51 as the core of the single-chip computer were dominant, compatible with its structure and command system with PHILIPS products, ATMEL companys products and China Taiwan Win bond SCM serie
28、s. So the C8051 held a half as the core of single chip microcomputer. And Microchip company PIC reduced instruction set (RISC) also has a strong momentum of development, Chinas Taiwan HOLTEK company in recent years, the monolithic integrated circuit output grows day by day, with the advantage of low
29、 price good quality, occupy a certain market share. In addition to the MOTOROLA products, several big Japanese company dedicated microcontroller. In a certain period of time, this kind of situation will continue, will not exist a microcontroller one worlds monopoly situation, go is dependent complem
30、entary, supplement each other and common development.(4) Large capacity and high performancePrevious ROM the single-chip microcomputer of 1 KB 4 KB, RAM is 64 128 b. But in need of complex control occasions, the storage capacity is not enough, must undertake external expansion. In order to adapt to
31、the requirement of the field, you must use new technology, to make the on chip memory capacity. At present, the single-chip microcomputer in ROM up to 64 KB, RAM up to 2 KB. Further change and single chip microcomputer CPU performance, speed up the instructions operation and improve the reliability
32、of system control. Using the reduced instruction set (RISC) structure and the assembly line technology, can greatly improve the running speed. Has up to 100 MIPS Instruction speed is the highest (m letters Instruction Per Seconds, namely Million instructions Per second), and strengthen the interrupt
33、ion of treatment, and timing control function. Computing speed of this kind of single chip microcontroller over 10 times higher than standard. Because this .1. 单片机原理单片机是指一个集成在一块芯片上的完整计算机系统。尽管他的大部分功能集成在一块小芯片上，但是它具有一个完整计算机所需要的大部分部件：CPU、内存、内部和外部总线系统，目前大部分还会具有外存。同时集成诸如通讯接口、定时器，实时时钟等外围设备。而现在最强大的单片机系统甚至可以
34、将声音、图像、网络、复杂的输入输出系统集成在一块芯片上。单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller），是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到
35、现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大的提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用
36、在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的综合，甚至比人类的数量还要多。 2. 单片机硬件介绍805
37、1系列微控制器是建立在一个高度优化的嵌入式控制系统的结构上。它的运用范围比较广，从军事装备到汽车再到你的PC机的键盘。仅次于摩托罗拉68HC11在8位处理器销售，8051家庭的微控制器, 在制造商上有各种各样的变化，如因特尔公司、西门子、飞利浦。这些厂家已经增加了许多功能及外设，如总线接口，模拟到数字转换器,看门狗定时器、脉冲宽度调制的输出。8051的变化，达到40MHz时钟频率下降到150伏电压条件是可得到的。这种广泛的部分基于一个核心使8051系列的一个很好的选择作为基础架构的一个公司产品，因为它可以执行许多功能和开发者只会有这样的一个平台。基本结构由以下特点：一个8位的算术逻辑单元32个
38、离散输入输出端口（4组8位）可单独访问二个16位定时器/计数器待添加的隐藏文字内容3全双工通用异步接收/发送装置6个中断源与2个优先级别128字节的随机存储器64K分开字节地址空间的数据和代码的记忆一个数字处理器周期共有十二振荡器的时期。他本是十二门徒里的每一个阶段是用于振荡器的特殊功能的核心，如凤凰社代码的数字和样品中的全部中断菊花链未决的中断。所需的时间任何8051指令可以除以12例，时钟频率通过反演结果和增殖它的数字处理器周期所指示的问题。因此，如果你有一个系统，使用一个11.059MHz时钟，可以计算出的指令数除以这个值每秒12分。这给出了921583指令每秒指令频率。反相这将提供每个
39、指令周期（1.085微秒）采取的时间。3. 单片机的发展趋势现在可以说单片机是百花齐放的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位,数不胜数，应有尽有，它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势。(1) 低功耗CMOS化MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工
40、艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征更适合于在要求低功耗，电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。(2) 微型单片化 现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以
41、根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片。 此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发展。(3) 主流与多品种共存 现在虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾的Winbond系列单片机。所以C8051为核心的单片机占据了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精简指令集(RISC)也有着强劲的发展势头，中国台
42、湾的HOLTEK公司近年的单片机产量与日俱增，与其低价质优的优势，占据一定的市场分额。此外还有MOTOROLA公司的产品，日本几大公司的专用单片机。在一定的时期内，这种情形将得以延续，将不存在某个单片机一统天下的垄断局面，走的是依存互补，相辅相成、共同发展的道路。(4) 大容量、高性能 以往单片机内的ROM为1KB4KB，RAM 为64128B。但在需要复杂控制的场合，该存储容量是不够的，必须进行外接扩充。为了适应这种领域的要求，须运用新的工艺，使片内存储器大容量化。目前，单片机内ROM 最大可达64KB,RAM 最大为2KB。另外单片机进一步改变CPU的性能，加快指令运算的速度和提高系统控制的可靠性。采用精简指令集(RISC)结构和流水线技术，可以大幅度提高运行速度。现指令速度最高者已达100MIPS(Million Instruction Per Seconds，即兆指令每秒)，并加强了位处理、中断和定时控制功能。这类单片机的运算速度比标准的单片机高出10 倍以上。由于这类单片机有极高的指令速度，可以使用软件模拟其I/O功能，由此引入了虚拟外设的新概念。
