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1、C-E TRANSLATION第二章 英、汉语言对比及互译对策,英、汉语言的共相 英、汉语言的差异 英、汉互译的常用技巧,第二章目录：,第二节 英、汉语言的差异：见翻译新概念p123.1.英、汉语言的差异主要表现在：英语讲究“结构美”（强调句法的完整性和合理性）2.汉语讲究“意境美”（可以用任何语言单位表达思想、无拘无束，挥洒自如，语法不完整、不合理也无关紧要）,主要问题,英汉差异翻译对策,翻译练习,I love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged;I took he
2、r to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.叙述顺序的差异（见翻译新概念p148）No equivalents英、汉语言的差异主要表现在：英语讲究“结构美”（强调句法的完整性和合理性）（见翻译新概念）No violation of this principle can be tolerated.女神在接过神镜时，由于心情过于激动，镜子竟然从她颤抖的手中滑落，掉到山下，碎成了108块，从此给九寨沟留下了108个形态各异、晶晶闪亮
3、的湖泊。汉译英不如英译汉容易。我爱我的那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；,翻译对策：加上表时态或状态的副词来体现英语的关系,根据语言差异采取的翻译对策：1.词汇的形态变化差异：（见翻译新概念p123互译对策）His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.【例3】p124.（见翻译新概念）主人对他的冷落使他更加不舒服。被动语态用中文的主动语态来表示added to“增加”用“更加”来翻译，体现了英语中的程度的加深；同时考虑汉语中翻译为“增加不舒服”不符合中国人说话习惯。,I could have laughed to hear him
4、talk like this.【例4】p124.（见翻译新概念）听到他这样说话，我差点笑出来。could have done 表示过去有可能发生的动作没有发生，用“差点”正好符合英文要表达的意思,翻译对策：把英语的静态语势译为汉语的动态语势-转译(2语势差异：（见翻译新概念p125互译对策）,名词介词形容词副词,Carelessness caused his failure in this years college entrance examination.由于粗心，他今年高考落榜（1）【例4】p126.（见翻译新概念）（2）【例5】p126.（见翻译新概念）（3）【例8】p127.（见翻译
5、新概念）,Water works for weight loss.喝水有利于减肥。I saw a woman with a baby in her arms just now.刚才我看见一位抱小孩的妇女。They walked with umbrellas up a winding mountain path.他们撑着伞，沿着蜿蜒的山间小道向上攀。,He is a green hand.他初出茅庐，没什么经验。【例14】p128.（见翻译新概念）She is an ardent(强烈的热爱）lover of classic music.她酷爱古典音乐。,翻译对策：汉语句子中可以连续重复,3.用
6、词的复指差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p128.）（1）【例1】p129.（见翻译新概念）（2）【例3】p129.（见翻译新概念）I managed to make a cake,but little Peter threw it to the ground.小彼特把我辛辛苦苦准备的蛋糕扔在了地上。Translation from Chinese into English is not so easy as that from English into Chinese.汉译英不如英译汉容易。,4.词语音律差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p134.）（1）.【例1】p134.（见翻译新概念）（2）.【例3
7、】p134.（见翻译新概念）5.修辞差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p135.）（1）.【例1】p135.（见翻译新概念）（2）.【例7】p134.（见翻译新概念）6.句子主语的差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p138.）（1）.【例1】p139.（见翻译新概念）（2）.【例3】p139.（见翻译新概念）7.句子谓语的差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p138.）（1）.【例2】p141.（见翻译新概念）（2）.【例3】p141.（见翻译新概念）,翻译对策：连词大多数情况下省略；介词短语、定语从句和独立主格在多数情况下译为短语或分句8.句法逻辑差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p143.）,Come and see me
8、 tomorrow.明天来看我。（省略连词）He came in with a book in hand.他拿着本书，走了进来。（with a book in hand 翻译为一个分句。）As the weather is fine,we decide to climb the mountain.天好了，我们去爬山。（省略连词）,翻译对策：许多被动句子要译为主动式9.语态差异（见翻译新概念互译对策p146.）,They want to be listened to.他们希望有人听听他们的意见。The vase is broken.花瓶碎了。举例：（1）.【例4】p147.（见翻译新概念）（2）
9、.【例5】p147.（见翻译新概念）,10.叙述顺序的差异（见翻译新概念p148）11.句式的信息主、次差异（见翻译新概念p152）12.段落编排的差异（见翻译新概念p155）13.文化和表达思维的差异（见翻译新概念p158）,Practice,Its more a poem than a picture.与其说那是一幅画，不如说那是一首诗。He drank himself out of the best lines.他借酒写得好诗句。He pretends to be as modest as anything.他装得极为谦虚。Fire goes wherever it can,but it
10、 prefers to follow a draft.火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。,The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.循声而去，便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。Taking care to pitch my voice to politeness,I asked about the next bus to Beijing.我陪着小心，用温和的口吻询问开往北京下一班车的情况。If you feel depressed at a social gathering,keep it a secret
11、.在社交场合，你就是感到情绪压抑，也不要表露出来。,He wants a lawyer who understands his case,who sympathizes with him and who has been there himself.他要找一位了解他的案情，同情他的处境，并有过亲身经历的人当他的律师。World-famous for his works he was never personally well known,for throughout his life he avoided publicity.他的著作举世闻名，而他个人却一直默默无闻，因为他一生始终避免抛头露面
12、。,A book may be compared to your neighbor:if it is bad,it can not last too long;if good you can not get rid of it too early.书可以比作邻居：如果是好的，相处愈久愈好；如果是坏的，分手愈早愈好。,During the last six years,44 of 60 scholarship winners have been the children of foreigners.The talent search,certainly in this decade,is a t
13、ribute(礼物）as much to immigration as to education.过去六年里，每60名奖学金获得者中就有44名是外来移民的子女。人才奖的评选，当然是指这十年，不仅为 教育，也为 移民增添了光彩。,第三节 英、汉互译的常用技巧,一、适当选词二、适度增减三、转换词性四、挖掘引申五：变换语法角色六：先释后译七：整合重组八：逆向翻译,Diction in translation,遣词用字,Definition of diction,By“diction”we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in the targe
14、t language on the basis of accurate comprehension of the source language text.,Correspondence between English and Chinese,Full correspondenceNo equivalents One word with multiple equivalents Of the same meaningOf different meanings,Full correspondence,minibus=微型汽车（面包车）the United Nations=联合国 the Paci
15、fic Ocean=太平洋helicopter=直升飞机,No equivalents,New sci-tech wordsplumber 特工mascon 物质聚积chain-smoker 烟鬼hit 引起轰动的事物,One word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning,爱人老婆夫人老伴媳妇堂客内人、贱内、拙荆,Wife,One word with multiple equivalents of different meanings,MarrySisterManI am a man now.Any man can do it.The r
16、ights of man should be respected.You can stay in the same room if you are man and wife.,How to judge the meaning,from the part of speechfrom the collocationfrom the contextfrom the syntax,Part of speech,He saw a man sawing trees with a saw他看见一个人正用锯子锯树。Needing some light to see by,the burglar crossed
17、 the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade.那个贼轻手轻脚的穿过房间，点亮了那盏有浅绿色灯罩的灯，以便照亮。Eat what you can and can what you cannot能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐头。,I dont like it when she tells me how to do things.From what you say,she sounds like the right person for the job.Running,swimming and lik
18、e sports are all her hobbies.Do you make bread like you make cakes?Will we ever see the like of Mozart again?(诸如此类）Like knows like.英雄识英雄,Collocation,a fast carthe fast growthfast musica fast journeyfast colora fast filma fast ovenfast asleepbreak ones fast stick fast in the mud,速度很快的车 迅速发展节奏快的音乐行程紧凑
19、的一次旅行不易褪掉的颜色快速感光胶卷烤箱熟睡的开斋牢牢地陷在泥巴里,delicate skin delicate porcelain delicate upbringing delicate health delicate stomach delicate diplomatic question delicate difference delicate surgical operation delicate ear for music delicate touch delicate food,Context,英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往也有不同的含义，必须根据上下文的联系以及词的搭
20、配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下所应具有的词义。,“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”J.R.Firth,Context,This war is becoming the most important story of his generation.这场战争将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。It is quite another story now.现在的情况完全不同了。Some reporters who were not included in the sessions broke the story.有些没有参加
21、那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了.,The Marry story is one of the saddest.玛丽的遭遇算最惨的了。A young man came to the police station with a story.一个年轻人来到警察局报案.Last December,the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities,but officials refused to confirm the story.去年12月，邮报首先报道侦察工作已在那些城市里进行，但官员们拒绝证实这条消
22、息。,He is the last man to come.He is the last man to do it.他绝对不会干那件事。He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。He should be the last to blame.This is the last place where I expected to see you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。,Syntax,agreement an agreementpeople a peoplehostility hostilitiesuse uses,同意 协定人民 民族敌
23、意 战争使用 用途,Syntax,He served me with a kind of coffee.He served me with coffee of a kind.Give me a glass for wine.Give me a glass of wine.,Syntax,He is not a fool.He is no fool.I ask you nothing.I ask you for nothing.,Syntax,I know him.I know of him.(听说过）He simply spoke.（只不过）He spoke simply.May we mee
24、t again!We may meet again.,She showered us with letters.她的信件纷至沓来。The government left its policy open to various interpretations.政府听任人们对其 作各种诠释。To see his likeness perpetuated in marble is to me today a sad but pleasing sensation.今天，看到他的大理石雕像树立起来了，我悲喜交集。perpetuate 保存,Practice,Her irritation could not
25、 withstand the silent beauty of the night.Withstand 顶住，耐得起更深夜静，美景宜人，她的烦恼 不禁烟消云散。,I love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged;I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.(Dickens,David
26、 Copperfield),译文1：我爱我的爱人为了一个E，因为她是Enticing(迷人的)；我恨我的爱人为了一个E,因为她是Engaged(订了婚的)。我用我的爱人象征Exquisite(美妙)，我劝我的爱人从事Elopement(私奔)，她的名字是Emily(爱弥丽)，她的住处在East(东方)。（董秋斯）,I love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged;I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated h
27、er with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.(Dickens,David Copperfield),译文2：我爱我的爱人，因为她很迷人；我恨我的爱人，因已许配他人；他在我心中是美人，我带她私奔，以避开外人；她名叫虞美人，是东方丽人。（姜秋霞、张柏然）,I love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged;I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and
28、treated her with an elopement;her names Emily,and she lives in the east.(Dickens,David Copperfield),译文3：我爱我的那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；我恨我的那个“丽”，要和他人结伉俪；她文雅大方又美丽，和我出逃去游历；她芳名就叫爱米丽，家住东方人俏丽。（马红军）,练习：见翻译新概念P1681.【例7】2.【例8】3.【例9】4.【例10】5.【例11】,I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.Silence!Silence!Unless we
29、burst out,we shall perish in this silence.We must adhere to the socialist road,the peoples democratic dictatorship,the Communist Partys leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.(4)妈，别听王奶奶的！句子翻译（上）练习May we meet again!He wants a lawyer who understands his case,who sympathizes with him an
30、d who has been there himself.a fast film他初出茅庐，没什么经验。C-E TRANSLATION在社交场合，你就是感到情绪压抑，也不要表露出来。delicate healthP179（5）【例2】主人对他的冷落使他更加不舒服。As the weather is fine,we decide to climb the mountain.,二.(1)增译法(Amplification),知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知己不知彼，每战必殆。,（若）知己（而又）知彼，（则）百战不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知己（而又
31、）不知彼，（则）每战（将）必殆。You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy.You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.,他跑
32、来跑去的寻。他想寻一个窟穴，躲了身子，将石子堵了穴口，隐隐的蜕壳。他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软，要被别的螃蟹吃去的。这并非害怕，他实在亲眼见过。,He dashed here and there in search of a cave to hide.He was going to block up the mouth of the cave so that he could moult in secret.He knew it would be very dangerous to shed his shell in the open because,with his new shell
33、still being soft,he might be eaten up by other crabs.This fear was not groundless for he himself had really seen it happen to other moulting crabs.,增译法,练习：见翻译新概念P1691.【例2】P1722.【例3】3.【例3】,二（2）.省译法（Omission）,我们必须培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。她看看我，又看看其他人，没有说话。我们必须坚持社会主义道路，坚持人民民主专政，坚持共产 的领导，坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想。,We must cult
34、ivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.He looked at me,and then at the others,and said nothing.We must adhere to the socialist road,the peoples democratic dictatorship,the Communist Partys leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.,多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。For many years unemployment
35、has been rampant in that country.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。Chinas modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations我们要逐步推进商业、外贸、金融、证券、电信、旅游和中介服务等领域的对外开放。Commerce,foreign trade,banking,insurance,securities,telecommunications,tourism and intermediary service
36、s should be gradually opened to the outside world.,依法严厉打击各种犯罪活动，坚决扫除黄赌毒等社会丑恶现象。We must crack down on all criminal activities according to the law and eradicate such social evils as pornography,gambling and drug abuse and trafficking.我们强烈要求 政府就此次事件向中国郑重道歉。We demand that US government apologize to Chi
37、na for this incident.只有充分发展商品经济，才能把经济真正搞活，使各企业增加效率。The development of a commodity economy is the only way to invigorate our economy and prompt enterprises to raise their efficiency,省译法,练习：见翻译新概念P178（2）【例1】【例2】【例4】P179（4）【例1】P179（5）【例2】,三.词类转换（Conversion）,(4)此路不通 No thoroughfare!(5)不准入内！No entry!(6)绝
38、对不许违反这个原则。No violation of this principle can be tolerated.,巴黎圣母院 Cathedral of Notre Dame,Paris,非公莫入！No admittance except on business!(2)不准拍照！No camera!(3)照常营业。Business as usual.,7)回想起这些事情，使他的生活增添了乐趣。a.To remember these will add zest to his life.b.The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.8)
39、我们决不满足于现在的成就。We are not content with our present achievements.,9)朱总理，中央及有关部委领导同志，在华外国专家出席了宴会Present at the banquet were Premier Zhu,leading figures of the central government and the relevant ministries and commissions,and foreign experts working in China.10)空气是这样的青香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽、舒畅。The air was fresh
40、and fragrant;it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.,三、转换词性,练习：见翻译新概念P1801.【例1】.【例5】P1812.【例8】3.【例12】4.【例14】,4.正说反译、反说正译,他安然无恙地回来了。He returned safe and sound.据悉联军给养不足。It is reported that the coalition troops are short of supplies.他没有再言语，听任老板在那里滔滔不绝。Withholding his opinion for t
41、he moment,he listened to his boss holding forth.外表往往是靠不住的。Appearances are often deceptive.不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。.,我完全同意。I cant agree with you more.你们大错特错了。We couldnt be more mistaken.他为这件事竭尽全力。He spared no pains doing this.她对他百依百顺。She denied him nothing.当生活出现小摩擦时，人并不去考虑是谁的责任，只要给对方带来不方便，都要说一声sorry.When conf
42、lict occurs in everyday life,Americans,instead of considering whose responsibility it is,will say sorry,so long as it brings inconvenience to others.,A.一天男神为了表达自己的爱慕之情，特意送了一面又大又亮的神镜给女神。女神在接过神镜时，由于心情过于激动，镜子竟然从她颤抖的手中滑落，掉到山下，碎成了108块，从此给九寨沟留下了108个形态各异、晶晶闪亮的湖泊。,练习,B.当前，我国农业发展又处在一个关键时期。今年要按照统筹城乡发展的要求，采取更直
43、接、更有力的 措施，加强农业，支持农业，保护农业，努力增加农民收入。解决农业、农村和农民问题，是我们全部工作的重中之重。,One day the god presented a big and shiny divine mirror to the goddess as a token of love.The goddess reached out to take the mirror,but she was so excited and nervous that the mirror slipped from her trembling fingers and dropped to the v
44、alleys,breaking into 108 pieces.The 108 mirror pieces turned out to be 108 winkling and glittering crystal lakes of different sizes,covering the land of Jiuzhaigou.一天男神为了表达自己的爱慕之情，特意送了一面又大又亮的神镜给女神。女神在接过神镜时，由于心情过于激动，镜子竟然从她颤抖的手中滑落，掉到山下，碎成了108块，从此给九寨沟留下了108个形态各异、晶晶闪亮的湖泊。,句子翻译（上）练习,Once again,Chinas agr
45、iculture is in a crucial period of development.This year we must take more direct and effective policies and measures to strengthen,support and protect agriculture and increase rural incomes in line with the need to balance urban and rural development.Solving problems facing agriculture,rural areas
46、and farmers is a top priority in all our works.当前，我国农业发展又处在一个关键时期。今年要按照统筹城乡发展的要求，采取更直接、更有力的 措施，加强农业，支持农业，保护农业，努力增加农民收入。解决农业、农村和农民问题，是我们全部工作的重中之重.,句子翻译（上）练习,句子翻译（下）重译法,(1)沉默啊！沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。Silence!Silence!Unless we burst out,we shall perish in this silence.(2)孩子就是孩子，不要太认真了。A Child is a child.Don
47、t be too serious to him.(3)你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。You should help him since you have promised to do so.(4)妈，别听王奶奶的！王奶奶是个老顽固！”Ma,dont listen to Granny Wang;shes a diehard”,(1).鼎湖山整个地区为热带、亚热带森林所覆盖，气候独特。Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has a unique climate.(2).他们今年遭灾了。The
48、y were hit by a natural calamity this year.(3).必须保证8小时睡眠。Eight hours sleep must be guaranteed.(4).弄的不好，就会前功尽弃。If things are not properly handled,our labor will be totally lost.,句子翻译（下）语态变换法,活到老，学到老。One is never too old to learn.十点钟了，他还没有回来。Its ten oclock now.He didnt return home yet.下雨了，我们快走吧。Its ra
49、ining now;lets hurry up.必须保重产品质量。The quality of product must be guaranteed.去年发现了一种稀有元素。A rare element was found last year.封面上印着一个猎人的像。The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover.,句子翻译（下）无主句的译法,现在很难说谁对谁错。At the moment it is difficult to tell who is right and who is wrong.除了枪声，再没有其他声音了。There was n
50、o sound but that of gunfire.在经济建设的实践中，已经涌现了大批的优秀人才。There have emerged a large number of talented persons in economic construction.中华人民共和国万岁！Long live the Peoples Republic of China!忠诚 的教育事业。Be loyal to the Partys educational cause.对什么人说什么话。Speak different words to different people.,句子翻译（下）无主句的译法,翻译练习
