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1、基于GPS和GIS的农机田间作业回放研究庄卫东 汪春黑龙江八一农垦大学工程学院 大庆 摘要：本文进行了基于GPS和GIS的农机田间作业回放研究。利用引进的精准农业装备采集的田间作业信息，生成农业机械田间作业记录。利用Visual Basic 6.0语言和MapObjects地图组件开发相应的软件，用于实现农机田间作业回放的功能，并可用于行走距离、作业面积的量算。关键词：GPS GIS 农机作业 回放0 前言数字农业（Digital Agriculture）和精准农业（Precision Agriculture）的应用可改变传统农业的粗放经营的模式，可精细化的进行农田的生产作业，减少生产成本，保
2、护生态环境，增加经济效益。GPS（全球定位系统）和GIS（地理信息系统）是数字农业和精准农业的关键技术。采用精准农业在田间进行播种、收获等作业中，可得到具有全球卫星定位信息的作业中播种量、施肥量、作物产量、生产率等地理信息，形成农业机械田间作业记录。经过生产应用试验，黑龙江省友谊农场五分场二队精准农业技术示范项目点引进的美国CNH（凯斯纽荷兰）公司的精准农业装备和黑龙江省大西江农场引进的美国John Deere（约翰.迪尔）公司的精准农业装备均可形成生产记录，形成作业记录图。但是，它们提供的软件都没有农机田间作业回放的功能。为了更清楚的观察了解田间实际的作业情况，笔者研究了基于GPS和GIS的
3、农机田间作业回放功能的实现方法，利用Visual Basic 6.0语言和MapObjects地图组件开发了计算机程序软件。为农户、管理人员提供机械田间作业的精准信息，并可用于行走距离、作业面积的量算。同时还可用于农业机械运用与管理中机械田间作业行走方式的教学中，也为我国发展数字农业和精准农业提供借鉴。1 田间作业记录的生成黑龙江省友谊农场五分场二队精准农业技术示范项目点引进的美国CNH（凯斯纽荷兰）公司精准农业装备配套的精准农业系统AFS（Advanced Farming Systems，先进农业系统）软件,可把联合收割机作业收获的采集的谷物收获信息或变量播种机采集的变量播种施肥信息，如经度
4、、纬度、高程、时间、水分、产量、施肥量、播种量、生产率等信息，绘制成图显示出来。但是，它没有提供农机田间作业回放的功能。其初始的点状图（point map），包含了单位时间间隔每个作业点的作业信息，可输出为通用的GIS形状(shape)文件，该文件具有GPS的田间定位信息。黑龙江省大西江农场引进的美国John Deere（约翰.迪尔）公司提供的JD Office 软件也提供了这样的功能。另外，引进的精准农业软件还可以把作业信息输出为文本格式的数据文件，这样可导入Access数据库中，用于统计、查询。通过不同的记录文件，可利用Visual Basic 6.0语言和MapObjects地图组件开发
5、相应的软件，用于实现农机田间作业回放的功能。2 MapObjects 组件 组件式软件是新一代GIS的重要基础，ComGIS是面向对象技术和组件式软件在GIS软件开发中的应用。MapObjects（简称MO）是全球最大的GIS软件供应商美国环境研究所（ESRI）公司在业界最早推出的GIS软件组件，由一个称为Map的ActiveX控件(OCX)和约40多个自动化对象组成，以最少的接口提供了常用的GIS功能，同时做到了结构合理，简单明了，容易理解和扩展，在标准的Windows编程环境下，它能够与其它图形、多媒体、数据库开发技术组成完全独立的综合性应用软件，是基于前端应用业务的良好的地图开发环境。基
6、于COM技术的MO，具有低成本、易开发、不需要其它GIS平台、使用环境广、通用性好、易于推广等优点，所以我们采用MO2.2作为在Windows下的制图和GIS功能组件，用Visual Basic 6.0为开发语言，进行GIS软件的二次开发。3 UTM投影变换为了使在计算机显示的地块图不失真，需要把农机田间作业图从地理坐标系统转换为UTM投影坐标系统。MO提供了一系列坐标系对象来控制和操作地图的坐标系统，如ProjCoordSys(投影坐标系统)、GeoCoordSys(地理坐标系统)等。在MO中，每个Map或MapLayer对象都和一个坐标系对象发生联系，这个坐标系对象可以是地理坐标系对象，也
7、可以是投影坐标系对象。在MO中最常用的坐标系对象是地理坐标系，ESRI的图层文件(shp文件)如没带坐标系信息文件（.prj文件），则系统默认其坐标系为GPS使用的WGS-84地理坐标系。精准农业软件生成的shp文件不带有prj文件，进行UTM投影变换，需要为其加上一个与shp文件同名的prj文件，此文件的格式为文本形式，内容为：“GEOGCSGCS_WGS_1984, DATUMD_WGS_1984, SPHEROIDWGS_1984, 6378137, 298.257223563, PRIMEMGreenwich,0, UNITDegree, 0.0174532925199433”。4 软
8、件功能实现41 利用作业记录数据库利用精准农业软件把作业信息输出到文本格式的数据文件（.txt）后，导入Access数据库中，利用Visual Basic 编程，可逐条读出每一点的作业信息，利用MO地图控件，在上可动态画出其具体的行走路线，实现作业行走回放功能。在友谊农场五分场二队2号地播种作业行走回放示例见图1。图1 2号地播种作业行走回放示例图42 利用点状shp图利用精准农业软件把作业信息输出到通用的点状GIS形状(shape)文件后，利用Visual Basic 语言，调用MO地图控件编程，可动态显示具体的行走路线，实现作业行走回放功能，同时也可用于行走距离、作业面积的量算。在大西江农
9、场嫩江基地收获作业行走回放示例见图2。图2 大西江农场嫩江基地收获作业行走回放示例图5 结论在黑龙江垦区引进的精准农业装备可把联合收割机作业收获的采集的谷物收获信息或变量播种机采集的变量播种施肥信息，绘制成图显示出来。但是，它没有提供农机田间作业回放的功能。作者利用引进的精准农业装备采集的田间作业信息，生成农业机械田间作业记录。利用Visual Basic 6.0语言和MapObjects地图组件开发相应的软件，利用Access数据库和点状shp图两种形式实现了农机田间作业回放的功能，并可用于行走距离、作业面积的量算，通过实际应用表明为本研究可为农户、管理人员提供机械田间作业的精准信息，同时还
10、可用于农业机械运用与管理中机械田间作业行走方式的教学中，也为我国发展数字农业和精准农业提供借鉴。参考文献：1 庄卫东,汪春. 精准农业中UTM投影及反算应用研究J.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2005,17(3):4750.2 庄卫东,王海波,杨忠国等.DGPS数据分析及定位精度研究J.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报2004,16(4):40423 庄卫东,刘振东,王熙. GPS数据处理及其单点定位精度研究J.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2003,15(2):5153.4 杨青,张征,庞树杰等.一种基于GPS和GIS农业装备田间位置的监控系统J.农业工程学报,2004,4:8487.5 何勇. 基于GPS和G
11、IS的精细农业信息处理系统研究J.农业工程学报, 2001,18(1):145149.6 薛伟编著. MapObjects 地理信息系统程序设计M. 北京:国防工业出版社,2004.1Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN
12、) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those
13、 events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weat
14、her and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have
15、 the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in
16、the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope int
17、o uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end
18、 of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and cap
19、com (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have
20、 to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 m
21、iles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,
22、000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not to
23、o hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 s
24、econds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes
25、 its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he
26、loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
