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1、基于IRS-P5遥感影像的试验与精度分析虞继进1 黄健2（1江苏省测绘局，江苏 南京210013 2江苏省测绘工程院 南京 210013）摘要 利用ERDRS LPS软件，在1：1万DOM、DEM数据上选取控制点，对IRS P5卫星影像进行匹配和纠正，全面评价该影像的几何精度。关键词 IRS P5 试验 精度1 介绍测绘信息网1.1 IRS-P5卫星介绍印度的卫星遥感起步较早，1988年发射了IRS-1A卫星，搭载的LISS-I传感器的空间分辨率达到72.5米。经过近20年的发展，IRS系列卫星已经有IRS1A、IRS1B、IRS1C、IRS1D、IRSP2、IRSP3、IRSP4、IRSP5
2、和IRSP6等多颗卫星。IRS P5卫星简称P5，又名CARTOSAT-1是高分辨率遥感卫星，于2005年5月5日发射成功。该卫星重达1.56吨，用于土地和水资源管理、环境评估和各种制图信息系统应用，卫星将提供2.5米分辨率的本国和海外地区测绘图。设计寿命为5年，采用近极地太阳同步轨道，轨道高度为618km，共由1867条轨道覆盖全球，相邻轨迹线之间相隔11天，轨道倾角97.87度，过赤道上空为地方时1030。P5卫星的翻滚倾斜观测能力可以增加观测的频率，由此，当某一地区在特定的成像时间由于云覆盖的影响而未能获得数据，则可能在另一天获得它的数据，通常的重访周期为5天。P5卫星的两个全色波段提供
3、的2.5 m空间分辨率的立体像对数据可用于大比例尺制图及地形模型的分析和处理，它可为不同的用户提供多种服务。1.2 项目来源由于IRS P5卫星影像在国内的应用还不太广泛，北京东方道迩信息技术有限公司和江苏省测绘局联合进行试验，对该卫星资料的几何精度进行全面评价，以期为该影像在测绘应用中提供一些客观公正的技术资料。2 生产过程测绘信息网2.1 生产试验情况本试验采用的资料源由北京东方道迩信息技术有限公司提供，为两景不同摄影角度的同轨影像，可以构建立体模型，覆盖范围基本一致，位于江苏省中南部长江两岸，地跨扬州市和镇江市，重叠度接近于100%，地形以平地、丘陵为主，丘陵和山地约占总面积的15%左右
4、，长江在影像中间穿越。影像摄影时间都为2007年1月29日，处理级别为“STD”。试验使用ERDAS IMAGINE遥感处理系统的LPS进行立体模型建立，影像匹配和数字微分纠正，生成数字高程模型（DEM）和数字正射影像（DOM）。2.2 数据源除了原始卫星数据以外，本试验还使用到江苏省省级基础测绘1：1万比例尺的DOM和DEM。DOM用于地面控制点平面坐标的选取、纠正精度的比较和评价，DEM用于地面控制点高程坐标的确定、数字微分纠正、纠正精度的比较和评价。DOM的地面分辨率为1米，DEM格网间距为5米。2.3 生产流程利用ERDAS LPS进行生产作业试验，具体流程：2.3.1 模型建立测绘信
5、息网在LPS中，建立新模型，选择“Rational Functions”的“CARTOSAT RPC”传感器模型，坐标系定义为1980西安坐标系，中央子午线经度为120度。2.3.2 导入影像构建影像金字塔，加载RPC参数文件2.3.3 GCP选取根据江苏省省级基础测绘110000比例尺的DOM和DEM上选取地面控制点的三维坐标，共采集9个GCP，均匀分布于像对各处。2.3.4 空中三角测量计算所得到的区域网均方根中误差为0.3530434个像素，地面控制点计算残差为：X方向残差Y方向残差Z方向残差10.118087341.55490049-0.8640280820.564154730.703
6、292730.5422638430.064273930.336729900.286850934-0.22766244-0.74736410-0.8680324350.65149548-0.25496563-0.297855576-0.304158280.895082590.717100517-1.24189681-0.44078303-0.2831697180.17469904-0.446194660.495826319-0.000452050.657678670.26123566中误差0.52471820.76567890.5650548根据影像纹理进行影像匹配，自动生成数字高程模型。DEM
7、的格网间距为25米，共产生13021383个点位，根据DTM提取报告，匹配结果的优秀点有60.5808 %，好的点有18.6646 %，怀疑点有20.7547 %。匹配的DTM没有进行人工编辑。2.3.5 数字微分纠正利用空三计算成果和江苏省省级基础测绘110000 DEM进行数字微分纠正，产生数字正射影像，地面分辨率为2.5米。3 精度报告3.1 检查点检查报告测绘信息网在空中三角测量计算时候，从基础测绘110000 DEM和DOM上选取25个检查点作为理论值，进行加密计算，统计其检查精度，结果如下：点号加密点X加密点Y加密点Z理论值X理论值Y理论值Z平面残差高程残差1433235.6535
8、77669.663.124433236.353577669.4750.72-1.882434502.713582892.356.792434503.713582891.898.21.102-1.413433229.623557990.7771.68433228.163557986.0771.94.925-0.224429901.633563041.212.341429903.063563041.433.981.446-1.645432268.913565248.151.634432268.893565243.863.64.289-1.976435008.8535694062.796435007
9、.373569406.634.31.606-1.57432480.873573231.66-0.54432476.973573231.993.43.919-3.948440559.443581375.459.683440559.733581375.786.50.4363.1839438491.053574243.784.083438489.673574245.263.72.0180.38310445321.523583469.69.369445322.993583470.3561.653.36911445082.033578274.838.347445080.883578276.494.42.
10、0123.94712451540.63577374.196.54451540.843577373.993.50.3193.0413443941.353574383.653.488443942.193574383.63.60.848-0.1114447641.733572218.990.498447645.593572218.2623.934-1.515452022.213572559.899.185452022.693572560.286.870.6142.31516448167.243569020.419.395448167.053569020.9480.5681.39517442982.5
11、93566842.538.713442983.533566840.823.041.9525.67318437551.523565203.195.624437551.113565201.377.321.865-1.719436307.333561511.527.036436308.963561512.456.931.880.10620441143.893557725.1180.39441144.543557724.21791.1121.38921444444.213562311.3329.62444445.033562309.42302.077-0.3822445965.313556608.95
12、37.86445964.463556609.1737.30.8820.56123442124.163555076.1249.07442125.383555071.71494.5770.06224436958.713557724.3814.99436958.413557722.7411.71.6713.29325439007.833569634.254.875439008.763569632.563.51.9261.375平面中误差：2.295862264、高程中误差：2.288061平面平均差：1.934、高程平均值：1.8533.2 DOM精度检查测绘信息网对像对的左右两景影像分别创建正射影
13、像，并进行精度统计，检查点仍来源于基础测绘110000 DOM，BANDA影像的纠正精度表如下：点号BANDA-XBANDA-YDOM-XDOM-YXY1439592.5613585447.23439595.7153585446.27-3.1540.95892452708.6743580514.45452707.1853580512.2841.48922.16883448736.9083572804.23448738.8863572801.317-1.9782.91464434667.1583569419.58434667.3213569419.102-0.1620.47535431273.2
14、113557078431272.8263557078.0290.3849-0.0266440381.8093556854.54440378.6123556855.0153.1967-0.4757446495.9943561515.36446498.1823561513.331-2.1882.02488431162.4373567248.4431161.7513567245.8310.68562.57189423531.2183559724.63423527.0363559725.8174.1827-1.18310439184.4083572179.19439184.9933572177.973
15、-0.5861.21211430093.2253571321.51430095.2143571318.626-1.9892.887212442184.7273583342.69442185.4253583339.653-0.6983.03313439465.8583566201.29439467.1943566200.778-1.3360.512214447309.1623555291.03447308.7363555292.1690.4267-1.13915434919.3863580509.02434918.8453580507.8130.54111.208616445823.533574
16、562.7445825.273574561.205-1.741.493217446470.5943562670.4446470.1443562669.8090.44960.596318435768.8543560265.46435767.6333560264.3651.22131.091419447798.5053578934.11447799.5833578933.679-1.0780.431520450212.1233564146.43450211.9453564146.3560.17790.0783平面中误差：2.396463平面平均差：2.0764BANDF影像清晰度比BANDA稍差，
17、影响了点位读取，其纠正精度表如下：点号BANDA-XBANDA-YDOM-XDOM-YXY1439593.8943585450.41439595.7153585446.27-1.8214.14362452707.1653580511.04452707.1853580512.284-0.019-1.2413448736.6543572804.91448738.8863572801.317-2.2323.59564434667.3433569420.87434667.3213569419.1020.02231.77195431273.2453557074.77431272.8263557078.0
18、290.4189-3.2626440382.1833556854.97440378.6123556855.0153.5715-0.057446497.8973561512.54446498.1823561513.331-0.285-0.7868431163.0933567250.52431161.7513567245.8311.34194.69089423532.1573559726.72423527.0363559725.8175.12120.903510439185.5983572178.7439184.9933572177.9730.60440.730711430094.26435713
19、22.63430095.2143571318.626-0.954.008612442184.8583583339.79442185.4253583339.653-0.5680.141113439468.023566200.05439467.1943566200.7780.826-0.72614447307.9443555292.46447308.7363555292.169-0.7920.294215434919.5873580508.28434918.8453580507.8130.74150.46416445824.1583574561.06445825.273574561.205-1.1
20、12-0.14417446470.9883562673.17446470.1443562669.8090.84393.35918435768.6143560264.91435767.6333560264.3650.98180.541919447797.8453578931.44447799.5833578933.679-1.738-2.23920450211.1353564141.36450211.9453564146.356-0.81-4.995平面中误差：3.0598平面平均差：2.5809613.3 DEM精度检查测绘信息网自动匹配生成的DEM数据，没有经过人工立体编辑，利用基础测绘11
21、0000 DEM对该结果进行精度比较和统计，为避开匹配点落于城市人工建筑物的密集区，点位选取尽量选取农村、山地、滩涂区域，统计结果见下表：点号X坐标Y坐标Z坐标DEM高程差值1430196.3383585349.9089.56111.78-2.2192437315.8943585175.47231.63828.0623.5763447337.9273578683.2166.5114.7581.7534452630.5263579741.7365.5844.1531.4315451148.5983573037.7763.6762.5031.1736438234.6553576566.1766.0
22、555.1450.917430148.9713574814.7033.4355.108-1.6738430331.0393569368.243.2486.234-2.9869423979.923559841.56134.73834.1010.63710447055.6553554266.68918.83720.877-2.0411440139.9913556595.433121.285123.327-2.04212446491.1113561394.057112.443112.551-0.10813443597.8233561394.0573.6058.2-4.59514436608.5073
23、565349.623.6143.3150.29915446412.1453561273.272172.473174.783-2.3116422778.4213560621.98917.02213.0863.93617449944.6613567607.5933.4534.457-1.00418443186.3773572642.1134.9813.3411.6419437461.2183566183.4543.3253.1890.13620440971.0133575963.2632.6573.798-1.141高程中误差2.151163高程平均差：1.780454 分析根据以上的分析，我们可
24、以得出IRS-P5传感器模型几何模型的数学参数是很严密的，通过ERDAS LPS能够很好地恢复和构建几何模型，适合于较大比例尺的地形图制作。通过检查点参与空三加密计算和成果质量检查这两种方法进行几何精度的比较，我们认为本次试验中所采用的IRS-P5的影像几何精度为：平面精度在2.2-2.5米之间，高程精度在1.8-2.2米之间。其中平面精度已经满足地形图110000成图3.0米的需要。高程精度稍差，仅满足1：1万山地2.5米的精度需要。测绘信息网分析每一种精度统计报告，选取检查点监测，平面中误差为2.295，没有出现超过2倍中误差的点，高程中误差为2.288，有一个点超过2倍中误差；对成果数据
25、进行检查，BANDA数据的平面中误差为2.396，没有出现超过2倍中误差的点，BANDF数据的平面中误差为3.0598，没有出现超过2倍中误差的点，生成DEM的平面中误差为2.151，有一个点超过2倍中误差。由此可见，该数据纠正的平面偏差较小，可靠性能得到保证，高程偏差较大，可靠性略差。通过影像像对的左右两景影像进行目视质量比较，发现BANDF影像清晰度比BANDA稍差。从成果统计来看，BANDF成图的几何精度比BANDA稍差。与相同分辨率的SPOT5影像相比，IRS-P5更易纠正，SPOT5在ERDAS LPS下很难达到很高的纠正精度。而且IRS-P5的位深为10比特，高于SPOT5的8比特
26、，更适于地物判读。IRS-P5的主要缺点有：仅有一个全色影像，相对于SPOT-5的4个多光谱波段相比，在影像融合、分类、解译、遥感地图制作中的应用面不广。IRS-P5影像幅面比较小，每景幅面面积为30km30km，小于SPOT-5的60km60km，因此在几何纠正方面工作量较大。可以使用IRS-P5数据与其他卫星影像的多光谱数据进行融合，生成较高分辨率多光谱影像，可供选取的多光谱数据：10米分辨率SPOT-5多光谱数据（4个波段）、15米分辨率的ASTER VNIR数据（3个波段），19.8米的中巴资源卫星CBERS多光谱数据（4个波段），20米的SPOT-4数据（4个波段），23.5米的IR
27、S-P6数据（4个波段）。其中中巴资源卫星CBERS数据目前在国内是免费发放的，可以优先考虑。测绘信息网Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was lik
28、e to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid
29、, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if
30、you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap i
31、nto an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that
32、if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is goi
33、ng to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-ac
34、re balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe K
35、ittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph
36、, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even hig
37、her than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers).
38、Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, s
39、o despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the wate
40、r, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to de
41、ploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even
42、if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
