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1、收稿日期：2012年8月19日；修回日期：基金项目:燕山大学大学生创新性实验项目计划 (cxsyd1103)作者简介：刘剑，男，（1990），满族，河北承德，本科, 工业工程基于RFID技术的超市供应链体系构建方案刘剑11，董明月12, 张馨予21, 董北22, (1.燕山大学经济管理学院，秦皇岛066004) 摘要：超市作为满足日常生活的主要零售业，在当今社会得到了迅猛的发展，然而其供应链体系突显出的种种问题，促使人们思考应该如何构建一个更加高效的供应链体系。本文通过对RFID技术的分析，找出RFID技术应用在超市供应链的优势特征，并通过对超市现状和消费者需求等分析，研究超市供应链管理中存在
2、的问题。通过RFID技术与超市供应链的结合，作者提出在超市个体、信息系统体系、超市配送体系等方面的构建模型，构建一个快速响应、信息共享、成本较低、服务水平较高的超市供应链体系。 关键词 RFID；超市；供应链； The Build Program Of Supermarket Supply Chain System Based On RFID Technology Abstract： As the main retail of daily living, supermarket has been rapid development in todays society. However, the
3、 problems of its supply chain prompting people to think about how to built a more efficient supply chain system. Based on the analysis of RFID technology, find out the advantages of RFID technology and the consumer demand to research the supermarket supply chain management problems. Combined with th
4、e supermarket supply chain and RFID, the author suggested a model of rapid response, information sharing, low cost and high level of service supply chain in single market, information system and distribution system. Key words： Supermarket; Supply chain; RFID0 引言射频识别技术RFID是 Radio Frequency Identifica
5、tion 的缩写，又称电子标签、无线射频识别，是一种通信技术，可以通过无线电讯号识别特定的目标并读写相关的数据，而无需识别系统与特定的目标之间建立机械或者光学接触。RFID是一种非接触式的自动识别技术，它通过射频信号自动识别目标对象并获取相关数据，识别工作无需人工干预，可工作于各种恶劣环境。RFID技术可以识别运动的物体并可同时识别多个标签，操作快捷方便1。电子标签可粘贴在或安装在各种物品上，并记载相应的物品信息。其识别的距离一般在110m或10m以上，适合在物流领域中应用。1 传统超市供应链体系分析如图1所示，传统的超市供应链体系中，往往存在2至3个物流配送中心。生产商将商品生产后存储在生产
6、商仓库内。根据销售预测与订单，商品将配送至第三方物流中心。超市提出供货要求后，商品将被配送到超市的物流中心，超市物流中心根据超市门店的需求进行配送。可以看出，传统超市供应链体系需要建立多个仓库，不但成本较高，而且整个供应链环节相对较为复杂，物流速度较慢，应对突发需求能力差，不利于超市行业的发展。由于超市门店中顾客的消费信息需逐级向分销商、生产商传递，需求数据会被人为的曲解，使得整个供应链上得需求波动起伏很大，从形成了“牛鞭效应”。其中无形之中增加的供应链成本，这些成本最终会转嫁给消费者。传统超市供应链中采用的是手工点货的方式，其点货时间长且容易出现偏差，人员成本十分高昂。在搬运过程中，商品会有
7、一定程度的损坏。供应链各级之间多采用纸质单据进行商品的交接与登记，此过程需要工作人员手工进行汇总。于商品数量过多，供应链各级人员均无法快速的完成点货，造成的商品积压，严重影响了发货速度。对于某些紧俏型商品，发货的速度快慢直接影响了该种商品的销售量大小。同时，商品的销售情况与库存情况在各个层级之间只会进行部分共享。供应链各级人员均无法对每个商品的销售和库存情况进行实时跟踪，也就无法对市场需求进行准确的判断与预测。上文提到的“牛鞭效应”正是由于信息在不同层级之间共享困难，且具有一定的延迟，当出现缺货等情况时，供应链各级工作人员将会通过囤积货物的方式以备再次缺货，这样一级一级的放大，导致各个环节都有
8、可能产生严重积压。2 基于RFID技术的超市供应链体系设计 经过本文的分析我们可以发现，在超市供应链体系中，商品是否能够快速清点交接、商品的流通信息是否能够实时监控、信息是否能在供应链各个环节快速共享共同决定了供应链决策的科学性与及时性、准确性、科学性。本文将从多个环节对基于RFID技术的超市供应链体系进行设计。设计的基本原则为： （1）尽量做到快速点货 （2）尽可能减少成本，为消费者创造最大利益 （3）消除不必要的浪费 （4）消灭不必要的库存（5）减少缺货与积压2.1 生产商与RFID技术的结合经初步的市场调研，当前可读写RFID标签价格相对较高，单个成本约为1-2元人民币。其材料可为磁卡形
9、式或纸质标签形式，便于安放。虽然标签成本有降低趋势，但在现有情况下， 单个商品与RFID标签进行结合成本过高。RFID标签可先用于商品的集合包装中。当商品生产完成后，生产商需对商品质量按照要求进行检验。合格集中包装后，生产商使用RFID读写器将如商品名称、数量、保质期等信息写入RFID标签，并预留其他信息编辑位置，编辑好后连同商品一同入库。由于对标签信息的快速识别，商品入库将快速与准确。生产商进行出库管理时，工作人员可使用RFID读写器或其他设备于指定区域快速识别商品信息，其信息上传至服务器中，通过计算机核将出库商品信息与订单进行核对。核对完成后，即可对RFID标签出库信息区域进行编辑，避免重
10、复读取造成错误。 2.2 超市与RFID技术的结合在超市层面，基于RFID技术，可以在内部管理中做到如下几点：（1）收货。员工使用带有RFID阅读器的手持式数据采集器通过扫描包装中的标签提取有关货物信息，进行数据比对确认后确认收货。同时可通过手持终端直接发出指令，指定商品入库或直接送至超市门店。（2）点仓。员工使用带有RFID阅读器的手持式数据采集器采集商品信息确认商品信息并将数据都会通过网络传送至服务器。（3）价格及销售管理，由于商品营销策略改变，商品经常会有出现特价或价格调整，由此可能造成管理混乱。工作人员可以手持RFID读写器，按照超市数据更新货品价格信息。 2.3 供应链信息系统构建上
11、文中多次提到的RFID读写器与信息采集器，上述设备均需要与信息系统的连接才能根据指令对RFID标签进行书写以及对采集信息上传至服务器。商品及库存信息通过信息系统进行汇总统计，管理人员可以根据数据实时监控各商品的库存及销售情况。通过程序的设定，服务器将对如商品短缺、商品销售数量急剧增长等情况进行实时提醒，根据科学的计算并结合采购计划向管理人员提供采购建议。通过库存信息查询，管理人员可以通过服务器向库存部门发送商品配送指令。由于使用了RFID技术，所以在配送过程中所需要的货物清点、商品信息登记等环节，均可以在短时间内完成，保证了数据的及时性与有效性。数据上传到服务器，服务器会利用设定好的程序对数据
12、进行科学分析，并作出指令，这就避免了个人因素对决策造成的影响。在达成协议的情况下，超市、中间商、生产商等均可以通过互联网共享商品库存及销售的部分数据。通过信息的及时共享与公开，“牛鞭效应”造成的损失便可减少到最小。2.4 供应链配送体系设计 由于商品信息流通性差，超市需要进行大量的储备库存保证日常供应，而为了分担库存，超市多经各级分销商供货，而其中造成的成本最将终转嫁给消费者，并不利于超市的发展。本方案中由于信息能够及时的共享，供应商可以根据预测数据及时有效地进行生产，只需尽行少量的库存储备以应对突发情况即可。同样是由于商品信息能及时准确的监控与汇总，超市方面只需对商品销售情况进行科学预测并发
13、出订单即可。商品生产、配送、销售的供应链效率由于RFID技术结合信息系统的使用，将最大限度的减少库存。中间经销商的存在，反而将会对供应链效率造成影响，故在本方案中，商品将通过第三方物流直接运输到超市的配送中心。超市配送中心根据超市门店需求与数据预测，将商品配送至超市门店。 结合以上内容，基于RFID技术的超市供应链体系构造如图2所示：3 结束语 RFID作为一种新技术，克服了许多供应链管理之中的问题。本文构建一个信息共享、反应迅速、成本较低的超市供应链，从而整体的降低超市的运营成本，降低商品的价格，给消费者带来更多实惠，生产厂商也会在这个供应链体系中受益。文中所涉及的RFID标签由于是可读写性
14、质的标签，如果经过回收利用便可进一步降低总成本。RFID技术还存在许多技术上的缺陷，许多关键问题还未解决。方案中涉及到的许多环节有待于更多学者参与其中。参考文献1 Raluca Bunduchi, Clara Weisshaar, Alison U.Smart.Mapping the benefits and costs associated with process innovation: The case of RFID adoption J.Technovati on ,2011,31:505-5212 Shiou-Fen Tzeng, Wun-Hhua Chen, Fan-Yun Pa
15、i.Evauating the business value of RFID:Evidence from five case studiesJ.Int J.Productione Economics, 2008（112）：601-6133 谭民，刘禹，曾隽芳.RFID技术系统工程及应用指南M.北京：机械工程出版社，2007，16-19 4 Michael A.Jones , David C.Wyld , Jeff W.Totten. The adoption of RFID technology in the retail supply chainJ.The Coastal Business
16、Journal,2010,4(1):29-425 Gordon Muller-Seitz, Kirsti Dautzenberg , Utho Creusen, Christine Stromereder. Customer acceptance of RFID technology: Evidence from the German electronic retail sectorJ.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,2009(16):31-396 邵铮.谁在为超市排队买单J.互联网周刊，2005（41）：54-557 肖磊、王磊.RFID
17、技术在超市供应链管理中的应用J.商场现代化，2005（41）：328 佟斌、杨德礼、潘新.零售业供应链企业RFID技术应用决策研究J.管理学报，2010（6）：874-878Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I
18、 will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those even
19、ts were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather a
20、nd space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the
21、chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the s
22、ky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into unc
23、harted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of o
24、ur atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (
25、capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to b
26、e very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/
27、8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 f
28、eet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too har
29、d. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 second
30、s. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its
31、not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses
32、 consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
